Figure 2.

Valence and arousal ratings of visual stimuli. A: Each image was plotted in two-dimensional affective space, as defined by its mean valence and arousal ratings. Emotional arousal increases as hedonic valence ratings become increasingly more pleasant or unpleasant. B: Comparison of the valence and arousal ratings in response to the cupping therapy images and the control images. Cupping therapy images were rated as more unpleasant and more arousing than control images.