Table 1.

Pharmacological activities of Urtica species.

Pharmacological Activity	Animals/Cell Lines	Inducers	Reference PMID * or DOI **
Anti-inflammatory effect	Swiss mice, Wistar rats	Acetic acid-induced writhing and carrageenan-induced paw edema	25050274 [12]
	Albino rats	A high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin	23159471 [13]
	Rats	Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis	21861725 [14]
	Mice	Nicotine-induced damage on sperm parameters, testosterone, and testis tissue	25071848 [15]
	Macrophage immune cells	Lipopolysaccharide treatment	23092723 [16]
	In-vitro assay	Biosynthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites in Rheumatoid arthritis	8821518 [17]
	Wistar rats	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	23036051 [18]
	Human	50 women with type 2 diabetes	28078249 [19]
Anti-oxidant effect	Rats	Ovalbumin-induced inflammation	28385108 [20]
	Rats	Ischaemia and reperfusion model	27389487 [21]
	Rats	Carbon tetrachloride-treated rats	16425366 [22]
	In-vitro assay	DPPH scavenging activities	26788318 [23]
	Rats	Imidacloprid on endocrine disruption and ovarian morphometric	29091903 [24]
Anti-arthritic effect	Balb/c mice	Type II collagen-induced arthritis	22001857 [25]
Anti-rheumatic effect	Human chondrocyte cells	IL-1beta treatment	11962753 [26]
Anti-viral effect	BHK-21 cell line	Dengue virus serotype 2	29548293 [27]
	Feline kidney Crandell cells	Feline immunodeficiency virus	15814267 [28]
Anti-bacterial effect	In vitro assay	DPPH, ABTS, β-carotene, and FRAP scavenging activities	28084125 [29]
		Against food spoiling Bacillus pumilus, Shigella spp. and Enterococcus gallinarum, and Clavibacter michiganensis	23067263 [30]
Anti-dementia effect	Rats	Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease	27563424 [31]
Anti-aging effect	Mice	D-galactose-induced aging	27352539 [32]
	Mice, Fibroblasts	UVB-induced aging	10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.004 [33]
Anti-cancer effect	Human prostate cancer cells	None	27064877 [34]
Anti-diabetic effect	Sprague-Dawley rats	Streptozotocin-induced diabetes	29749986 [35]

* PMID: PubMed Identifier; ** DOI: Digital Object Identifier.