Table 3.
Curcumin-probes as potential therapeutic and diagnostic agents for AD.
| Targeting Amyloid-βPlaques | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. | Structure’s Name | Imaging | Effects | Potential Application |
| [108] | CRANAD-2 | NIRF | high affinity for Aβ aggregates | potentially used as a tool for drug screening |
| [109] | Me-CUR 9 | NIRF | detectamyloid-β fibrils with high sensitivity | usefulin vitro amyloid fluorescence sensor |
| [33] | GRANAD-3 | NIRF | capable of detecting both soluble and insoluble Aβ species | potential to have a high impact on AD drug development. |
| [34] | CRANAD-17 | NIRF | capable of inhibiting Aβ42 crosslinking induced by copper | potential for AD diagnosis and theraphy |
| [67] | curcumin-derivative liposomes | NIRF | high affinity for the amyloid deposits, on post-mortembrains samples of AD patients | used asAD theragnostic nanoformulations, to carry therapeutic and/or imaging agents to amyloid deposits in the brain |
| [110] | BMAOI 14 | NIRF | ability to label and detect aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide as a fluorescent probe | Aβ imaging probes |
| [109] | CRANAD-28 | two-photon imaging | could inhibit the crosslinking of amyloid beta induced either by copper or by natural conditions | could contribute to AD diagnosis and therapy development in the future |
| [111] | [125I] 1,5-diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one derivative | NIRF | high binding affinities with Aβ plaques | potential amyloid imaging agent for the detection of senile plaques in AD |
| [112] | [3H]AB14 | Autoradiography | significantly higher specific binding in cortical AD brain tissue | potential radioligands for Aβ plaque neuroimaging |
| [113] | 68Ga(CUR)2+, 68Ga(DAC)2+, 68Ga(bDHC)2+ | NIRF | high affinity for amyloid-β plaques | potentially directed to the diagnosis of AD |
| [114] | 68Ga(CUR)2+ and 68Ga(DAC)2+ | NIRF | affinityto synthetic amyloid-β fibrils | possibility of synthesizing a mixed radioactive/fluorescent pharmacophore that can beexploited as a dual-mode imaging tool. |
| [4] | [18F] 1-(4-fluoroethyl)-7-(4′-methyl)curcumin 1 | NIRF | high binding affinity for Aβ1–42 aggregates, suitablelipophilicity, specific binding to Aβ plaques in Tg APP/PS-1 mouse brain sections | may be a potential radioligandfor Aβ plaque imaging |
| [115] | [18F] 4′-dimethylamino-4″-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)curcuminoid | NIR | affinity for senile plaques | for Aβ imaging |
| [116] | [125I] and [18F]dibenzylideneacetone derivatives | Autoradiography | affinity towardAβ1–42 aggregates | potential new scaffold for amyloid-β imaging probes |
| [117] | [19F] FMeC1 | MRI | affinity for senile plaques in human brain sections | detecting Aβ deposition in the brain |
| [118] | [18F]2-[3,5-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyryl)-1Hpyrazol-1-yl]-N-{1-[2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methyl}acetamide | PET | high amyloid-β plaque binding | a promising tracer for Aβ imaging |
| [107] | [18F]-CRANAD-101 | PE | significant response to both soluble and insoluble Aβs | potentialfor detecting the early abnormality of the accumulation of Aβs |
| Targeting Tau-Fibrils | ||||
| [119] | (1E,4Z,6E)-1,7-bis(4-(dimethylamino)-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxyhepta-1,4,6-trien-3-one | NIRF | selectively detected tau fibrils | a promising NIRfluorescent probe for noninvasive imaging in patients with AD |
| [120] | Difluoroboron β–Diketonate Probe | NIRF | specific to tau fibrils | potential as a tau-specific fluorescent dye in bothin vitro and ex vivo settings |
| [121] | 4,4′-(1E,1′E)-2,2′-(pyrimidine-4,6-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl)bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) | NIRF | affinity for Tau aggregates | potential for an endoscopic diagnosis of AD in the olfactory system |