Figure 5.

The upregulation of secretome genes is strongly associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Heatmap of expression levels of genes [log2 (TPM + 1)] encoding 39 secreted proteins identified as secreted in PDAC, in 10 different tumor types from TCGA compared to their respective normal tissues. Genes that are specifically upregulated or downregulated genes in each tumor type (absolute values of fold-change > 1.0 and q-value < 0.01; ANOVA) are shown in red and blue, respectively. Both columns (tumor types) and rows (secretome genes) were clustered using Euclidian distance. Three genes (ARHGDIA, AHSG, and EEF1A1) presented missing values in 90%–100% of the tumor types and are not represented in the heatmap (constant rows were removed during data pre-processing). The differential expression levels from tumor tissue versus combined normal TCGA and GTEx data were calculated using the web-based Gene Expression Profiling Analysis tool (GEPIA) [102]. GC: Gastric carcinoma; COAD: Colon adenocarcinoma; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Lung SCC: Lung squamous cell carcinoma; BC: Breast carcinoma; HNSCC: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Lung AD: Lung adenocarcinoma; AML: Acute myeloid leukemia.