Table 2.
Arboviruses transmitted by culicoides with impact on Public Health.
| Family/virus | Geographical distribution | Presence in Spain | Risk of emergence or re-emergence in Spain |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease cases | Presence of the vector | Virus pathogenicity | Risk | Risk according to authors | |||
| Bunyaviridae | |||||||
| Batai | Africa Asia Europe |
– | 1 | 1 | 1 | Moderate | Low |
| La Crosse encephalitis | North America | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | Low | Low |
| Rift Valley fever | Africa Middle East |
– | 0 | 1 | 0 | Moderate | Moderate |
| Inkoo | North Europe | – | 1 | 1 | 0 | High | Low |
| Tahyna | Africa Asia Europe |
Only serological evidence | 1 | 1 | 0 | High | Low |
| Flaviviridae | |||||||
| Dengue | Africa America Asia Oceania |
Present in the past | 1 | 1 | 0 | High | High |
| Murray Valley encephalitis | Oceania | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | Low | Low |
| Saint Louis encephalitis | America | – | 0 | 1 | 0 | Moderate | Low |
| Japanese encephalitis | Asia | – | 0 | 1 | 0 | Moderate | Low |
| Yellow fever | Africa South America |
– | 1 | 1 | 0 | High | Low |
| West Nile Virus | Africa Asia Europe North America Middle East Oceania |
Sporadic communication | 1 | 1 | 0 | High | High |
| Usutu | Africa Europe |
Sporadic communication | 1 | 1 | 1 | Moderate | Low |
| Zika | Africa America Asia Oceania |
– | 1 | 1 | 0 | High | Moderate |
| Togaviridae | |||||||
| Chikungunya | Africa America Asia Oceania |
– | 1 | 1 | 0 | High | High |
| Eastern equine encephalitis | America | – | 0 | 1 | 0 | Moderate | Low |
| Western equine encephalitis | America | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | Low | Low |
| Equine encephalitis of Venezuela | America | – | 0 | 1 | 0 | Moderate | Low |
| Mayaro | South America | 0 | 1 | 0 | Moderate | Low | |
| O’nyong-nyong | Africa | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | Low | Low |
| Ross River | Oceania | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | Low | Low |
| Sindbis | Africa Asia Europe Oceania |
Only serological evidence | 1 | 1 | 0 | High | Low |
The risk of emergence/re-emergence is calculated based on three factors: (a) presence of cases of the disease in humans in the last 5 years in Europe, Mediterranean, Central and South American countries with a significant relationship with Spain; (b) presence of the vector in Spain; (c) pathogenicity of the virus for humans. Each factor is scored with one point (presence in the first two factors and low pathogenicity in the third factor) or with zero points (absence in the first two factors and high pathogenicity in the third factor). The first two factors are added and the third is subtracted. The total score can range between 0 and 2, with 0 being: low risk; 1: moderate risk; 2: high risk.