Table 3.

Main human diseases transmitted by diptera.

Disease	Causal agent	Diptera		Geographical distribution	Endemic presence in Spain	Risk of emergence or re-emergence in Spain
		Family	Genus/species			Disease cases	Presence of the vector	Risk	Risk according to authors
Oropuche fever	Oropuche virus	Ceratopogonidae	Culicoides paraensis	Caribbean, South America	No	0	0	Low	Low
Mansonelosis	Mansonella ozzardi	Ceratopogonidae	Culicoides Leptoconos equaerti	Caribbean, South America	No	0	0	Low	Low
	M. ozzardi	Simuliidae	Simulium	South America, Panama	No	0	0	Low	Low
	Mansonella perstans	Ceratopogonidae	Culicoides	Africa, Caribbean, South America	No	0	0	Low	Low
	Mansonella streptocera	Ceratopogonidae	Culicoides	Africa	No	0	0	Low	Low
Malaria	Plasmodium spp.	Culicidae	Anopheles	Africa, Asia, Central and South America, Pacific	No	1	1	High	Moderate
Filariasis	Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori	Culicidae	Aedes/Ochlerotatus, Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia	Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Western Pacific, South America	No	0	0	Low	Low
Trypanosomiasis	Trypanosoma gambiense, T. rhodesiense	Glossinidae	Tse fly (Glossina)	Africa	No	0	0	Low	Low
Leishmaniasis	Leishmania spp.	Physicodidae	Phlebotomus/Lutzomya	Africa, Asia, Europe, Central and South America	Yes	1	1	High	High
Bartonellosis	Bartonella bacilliformis	Physicodidae	Lutzomya	Central and South America	No	0	0	Low	Low
Fever by phlebotominae sand flies	Virus Toscana, Naples, Sicily, Granada, etc.	Physicodidae	Phlebotomus/Lutzomya	Central and South America, China, Mediterranean, North Africa	Yesa	1	1	High	High
Vesicular stomatitis	Vesicular stomatitis virus	Physicodidae	Lutzomya	America	No	0	0	Low	Low
Onchocerciasis	Onchocerca volvulus	Simuliidae	Simulium	Africa, Central and South America	No	0	0	Low	Low
Loiasis	Loa	Tabanidae	Chrysops	Tropical Africa	No	0	0	Low	Low
Tularemia	Francisella tularensis	Tabanidae	Chrysops	North America, Russia, Japan	No	0	0	Low	Low

^aThere are 7 serotypes included in the phlebotomy fever group that have been isolated in Europe; Toscana and Granada viruses have been detected in Spain.