Table 1.
Comparison of different stem cell types used for urological repair. MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; SMC, smooth muscle cell; UC, urothelial cell; UDSC, urine-derived stem cell. ADSC, adipose-derived stromal cell; BMSC, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell; ESC, embryonic stem cell; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; N/A, Not applicable.
| Features | Cell Type | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UDSCs [25,35,38,39,40,41,42] | iPSCs/ESC [43,44] | Bladder SMC, UCs [45,46] | ADSCs [47,48] | BMSCs [23,29,49,50,51] | |
| Harvesting technique | Non-invasive, Low-cost, Easy | Invasive | Invasive | Invasive | Invasive |
| Stem cell isolation | Very Easy | Easy | N/A | Neutral | Neutral |
| Angiogenic trophic factors | Yes | Unknown | Limited | Yes | Yes |
| Immuno-modulatory properties | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Yes |
| Oncogenic potential | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Telomerase activity | 75% of UDSC have Telomerase Activity | Have Telomerase Activity | No Telomerase Activity | Unknown | Unknown |
| Endothelial and urothelial differentiation capability | High Ability (60–85%) | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes |
| Multi-lineage differentiation capability | Multipotent | Pluri-potent | N/A | Multipotent (mesodermal cell lineages) | Multipotent (mesodermal cell lineages) |
| Self-renewal capability | High Capability | Strong Capability | Capable | Unknown | Capable |