Table 1.

Immune cell types that produce or respond to GM-CSF during EAE.

Cell Types that Produce GM-CSF	Cellular and Molecular Signals Involved
Th17 cells	IL-23-mediated expression of RORγt [48,57].
ThGM	IL-7-mediated activation of STAT5 [54]; IL-23R and IL-1R signaling [55].
CD8+ T cells	IL-23 induces but IFN-β suppresses GM-CSF production [58,59].
B cells	B-cell receptor, CD40, and IL-4-mediated STAT5/6 activation [60].
Dendritic cells	CCL17/CCL22-mediated expression of GM-CSF via CCR4 [56].
CNS endothelial cells	Monocyte-produced, IL-1β-mediated expression of GM-CSF [61].
Cell Types that Respond to GM-CSF	Cell Type-Specific Biological Function of GM-CSF during EAE
Monocytes	Stimulates CNS migration; induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators; promotes cell differentiation [62,63,64,65].
Dendritic cells	Induces the production of IL-23 that promotes EAE [56].
CD103+ dendritic cells	Induces cell accumulation in the skin and peripheral lymph nodes that can then present antigen to pathogenetic CD4+ T cells [66].
Neutrophils	Promotes cell accumulation in the brain that causes atypical EAE [67].
Microglia	Induces activation and promotes onset of EAE [43,68].
Astrocytes	Promotes the upregulation of proinflammatory gene expression [69].