Table 3.
List of transfection-based female germ-specific studies, along with their description including cell source used and final research outputs.
| Cell Source | Transfection | Final Product | Implication | Knockdown | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | ASCs | BMP15 | OLCs | BMP15 activation, expressed oocyte-specific markers (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, c-kit), detection of VASA protein during later stage of induction. | x | [94] |
| ESCs | NANOS3 | Germ cells | Over expressed protein levels PRKSCH. No expression of OLFM2, delayed in vitro differentiation. | x | [95] | |
| ESCs | DAZL | Germ cells | Up-regulated DAZL, IFITM3, BMP7, HIP1R, ISYNA1, JAG2, PIDD1, RPRM. Down-regulated CXCL5, GABRP, FAM110C, LCP1. | x | [95] | |
| ESCs | DAZL, BOULE | Follicle-like cells | Increased DAZL and BOULE expression. down-regulation of pluripotency markers (OCT4, NANOG, PRDM14), up-regulated luciferase activity. Promoted entry into meiosis. |
shRNA (DAZL) | [16] | |
| ASCs | BMP15 | OLCs, GC | Differentiation into OLC, GC, with increased size, BMP15 activation and parthenogenetic embryo-like structures formation. | x | [11] | |
| UCMSCs | FIGLα | OLCs | Over expressed Figlα, stimulated germ cell-specific markers (DAZL, GDF9, ZP2) |
x | [7] | |
| ESCs | PRDM1 | PGCs | Suppressed Sox2 expression, promoted germline differentiation. |
shRNA (PRDM1) | [74] | |
| Mouse | ESCs | FIGLα | Female germ-like cells | Differentiation into germ-like cells, high expression of germ cell markers (VASA), meiotic-specific genes (STRA8, SCP3), and oocyte markers (GDF9, ZP3, FIGLα). | x | [96] |
| ESCs | DAZL | Germ cells | Overexpression of DAZL. Suppression of Nanog. Induced germ cell nuclear antigen expression. |
siRNA (DAZL) | [42] | |
| ESCs | PRDM1 | Germ cells | Suppressed SOX2 expression and neural fate, increased expression of markers like PRDM1, OCT4, NANOS3, VASA and SCP3, enhances BMP4 & WNT3A induced germline differentiation. | x | [73] | |
| Embryonal carcinoma cells | BLIMP1, PRDM14, AP2γ | PGCs | Directed EpiLCs formation, up-regulated PGC-specification/development genes BLIMP1, PRDM14, TFAP2C, NANOS3, STELLA, down-regulated epigenetic modifier (DNMT3a, DNMT3b). |
x | [71] | |
| Porcine | Ovarian cortex | OCT4 | OLCs | Oct4 overexpression. Enhanced AP activity and cell proliferation. Higher oogenesis potential. |
x | [29] |
| Skin-derived stem cells | DAZL | PGCs Or OLCs |
Induced differentiation. Increased expression of germ cell markers (Oct4, Stella, Vasa) and meiosis markers (Scp3, Dmc1, Rec8, Stra8). |
siRNA (DAZL) | [28] | |
| Goat | Ear Pinnae cells | OCT4, SOX2, NANOG | iPSCs OLCs | Cell reprogramming, increased potency. | x | [32] |
ASCs: amniotic fluid stem cells; ESCs: embryonic stem cells; UCMSCs: umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; OLCs: oocyte-like cells; PGCs: primordial germ cells; PRKSCH: protein kinase C substrate 80K-H; OLFM2: Olfactomedin2; IFITM3: interferon-induced transmembrane protein; BMP7: bone morphogenetic protein 7; HIP1R: huntingtin interacting protein 1 related; ISYNA1: inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1; JAG2: jagged 2; PIDD1: p53-induced death domain protein 1; RPRM: reprimo; CXCL5: chemokine ligand 5; GABRP: gamma-aminobutyric acid a receptor, Pi; FAM110C: family with sequence similarity 110, Member C; and LCP1: lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1.