Table 4.
In vivo efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells regarding the treatment of female reproductive disorders.
| Stem Cell Source | Target Disease Model | Implication | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell | Mouse | POF | Formed primordial follicles, increased E2 level, decreased FSH level, attained pregnant after natural breeding. | [48] |
| Rabbit | POF | Increased E2 and VEGF levels, decrease FSH level, increased follicle number. | [109] | |
| Human | POF | After transplantation menstruation improved, one case delivered healthy full baby, increased ovarian reserve score. | [115] | |
| Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell | Human | POF | Decreased serum FSH level, recovery in serum E2 and AMH levels, increase in secondary follicles, reduced ovarian cell’s apoptosis. | [112] |
| Human | POI | Increased body weight, estrous cycle recovery, increase in ovarian follicles, increase in serum E2 level, decrease in serum FSH level, induced angiogenesis and cytokine expression in the ovary. | [56] | |
| Human | POI | Increase in ovarian weight, increased weight in E2-dependent organs, increased follicular number, decrease in serum FSH level, increase in AMH level, increased AMH expression, elevation in pregnancy rate. | [54] | |
| Menstrual blood stem cell | Human | POF | Increased expression of ovarian markers [AMH, inhibin α/β, and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR)], increased Ki67 expression, increased ovarian weight, increased plasma E2 level and increased number of normal follicles. | [9] |
| Human | POI | Increased ovarian weight and total follicle number, estrus cycle restoration, decreased serum FSH level, increased serum E2, AMH level, reduced apoptosis, increase in the expression of AMH, DDX4 and VEGFA. | [51] | |
| Amniotic MSC | Human | Natural ovarian aging | Increase in all stage follicle number, recovery in E2 and AMH levels, decreased FSH levels, promoted the proliferation rate, high expression of ovarian and granular cell markers (AMH, FSHR, FOXL2, CYP19A1). | [111] |
| Human | POF | Recovered estrus cycle, increase in estrogen level, decrease in FSH levels, increase in ovarian index, fertility rate and population of follicles at different stages. | [53] | |
| Chorionic MSC | Human | POF | Decreased serum FSH level, increased serum E2 level and number of follicles, restored estrous cycle, increased oocyte population. | [50] |
| Adipose-derived MSC | Human | Damaged ovarian | Induced angiogenesis, increase in ovarian follicles, corpus luteal and also in number of litters. | [113] |
| Endometrial MSC | Human | POF | Increased body weight, restored estrus cycle, re- established fertility, MSC infiltration to damaged ovarian tissue and differentiated into granulosa cell, improved renewal of germline stem cells. | [110] |
| Skin-derived MSC | Mouse | POF | Increased body weight, increased weight of reproductive organs, restored fertility, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, TGF-b, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1b, and IFN γ), increased expression of genes Nobox, Nanos3, and Lhx8 genes in the transplanted ovaries. | [46] |
POF: premature ovarian failure; POI: premature ovarian insufficiency; FSH: follicular stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; AMH: anti Mullerian hormone; and E2: estradiol.