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. 2020 Apr 7;12:40. doi: 10.1186/s13195-020-00607-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — EMP treatment limits metabolic alterations in db/db and APP/PS1xdb/db mice. a Long-term EMP treatment significantly reduced postprandial glucose levels in diabetic mice. No differences were detected at week 6 ([F_{(7, 36)=}0.864, p = 0.543], statistical power 0.317), although differences were detected from week 10 to week 22 (week 10 [F_{(7, 33)}=18.91], week 14 [F_{(7, 67)} = 32.92], week 18 [F_{(7, 69)} = 31.68], week 22 [F_{(7, 66)} = 25.12]; ^‡‡p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, and APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1-EMP]). b When insulin levels were analyzed, individual weekly assessment revealed that EMP treatment helped to maintain high insulin levels in db/db and APP/PS1xdb/db mice as the disease progresses (week 6 [F_{(7, 75)} = 2.29, p = 0.036], week 10 [F_{(7, 74)} = 4.47], week 14 [F_{(7, 69)} = 5.23], week 18 [F_{(7, 68)} = 5.42], week 22 [F_{(7, 69)} = 4.49], week 26 [F_{(7, 69)} = 6.89]; ^╫╫p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, and APP/PS1]; ^‡‡p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, and db/db; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1-EMP; ^##p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, db/db, and APP/PS1xdb/db). c Body weight was maintained by EMP, as revealed by weekly assessment (week 6 [F_{(7, 75)} = 6.21], week 10 [F_{(7, 73)} = 34.13], week 14 [F_{(7, 76)} = 42.39], week 18 [F_{(7, 77)} = 44.34], week 22 [F_{(7, 77)} = 55.71], week 26 [F_{(7, 77)} = 52.55]; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1-EMP]; ^##p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, and db/db; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1xdb/db; **p < 0.01 vs. rest of the groups) (control n = 13, control-EMP n = 10, APP/PS1 n = 9, APP/PS1-EMP n = 11, db/db n = 11, db/db-EMP n = 10–12, APP/PS1xdb/db n = 9, APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP n = 10)