Fig. 3.

Brain atrophy was ameliorated by EMP treatment. a Brain atrophy in db/db and APP/PS1xdb/db mice was improved after EMP treatment, when the hemisection size and cortical areas were analyzed (hemisection [F_{(7, 205)} = 6.23]; hemicortex [F_{(7, 191)} = 3.59]; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1-EMP]; ^┬p < 0.01 vs. control). While a similar profile was observed in the hippocampus, differences did not reach statistical significance [F_{(7, 107)} = 0.718; p = 0.657] (control n = 7, control-EMP n = 9, APP/PS1 n = 6, APP/PS1-EMP n = 5, db/db n = 6, db/db-EMP n = 7, APP/PS1xdb/db n = 6, APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP n = 5). b Cortical thickness was also improved after EMP treatment [F_{(7, 419)=}2.53; ^♯♯p < 0.01 vs. APP/PS, db/db-EMP, and APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP]. c Illustrative example of cresyl violet staining where cortical thinning observed in db/db and APP/PS1xdb/db mice is restored by EMP treatment. Scale bar = 125 μm. d NeuN/DAPI ratios were reduced in the proximity and far from SP, and EMP treatment reversed this situation (close to plaques [F_{(3, 933)} = 6.017, ^††p < 0.001 vs. APP/PS1-EMP and APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP; ^‡‡p < 0.01 vs. APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP]; far from plaques [F_{(7, 3029)} = 15.86, ^₸₸p < 0.001 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, db/db-EMP, and APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP; ^##p < 0.01 vs. control-EMP and APP/PS1-EMP]) (control n = 5, control-EMP n = 4, APP/PS1 n = 5, APP/PS1-EMP n = 4, db/db n = 5, db/db-EMP n = 4, APP/PS1xdb/db n = 5, APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP n = 4). e Illustrative example of NeuN/DAPI staining in the proximity and far from SP in the cortex. Scale bars = 25 μm