Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. AT-MSCs and CB-MSCs underwent 18-day of osteogenic, 14-day of adipogenic, or 21-days of chondrogenic differentiation conditions. (a–d) Alizarin red staining, (e–h) Oil Red O staining, and (i–l) Alcian blue staining were used to assess osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, respectively. Passage 3 of CB-MSCs displayed stronger staining for Alizarin red; whereas passage 3 of AT-MSCs displayed stronger Oil-Red-O staining. Late passage MSCs showed weaker staining in both lineage differentiations. Chondrogenic differentiation is comparable in both types of MSCs. The white arrows indicate the stained chondrocyte spheroids. Representative images were taken at 20× (a–h) or 5× (i–l) magnification. Scale bars: (a–h) 100 µm; (i–l) 1 mm.