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. 2020 Mar 24;9(3):787. doi: 10.3390/cells9030787

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© 2020 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Left side: simplified view of the major different modes of action of FOXOs: 1. Direct DNA-contact, 2. Indirect binding, through another protein making DNA-contact, 3. Pairwise binding, with both proteins making DNA-contact. Right side: Family effect for the different mode of action. (B) Left side: different pathways can influence activity of FOXOs whatever mode of action it uses. Right side: possible family effects that greatly enhance the possibilities of regulation. All the examples are arbitrary and do not reflect real situations.