Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics
| Overall | Continuers [A] | Interrupters [B] | Discontinuers [C] | p-value [A vs B] | p-value [A vs C] | p-value [B vs C] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 154) | (n = 52) | (n = 52) | (n = 50) | ||||||||
| Age | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 51.4 | (16.4) | 63.8 | (12.5) | 43.2 | (14.0) | 47.2 | (14.8) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.16 |
| Male, n (%) | 80 | (51.9%) | 28 | (53.8%) | 32 | (61.5%) | 20 | (40.0%) | 0.43 | 0.16 | 0.03 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%)* | |||||||||||
| White | 124 | (80.5%) | 47 | (90.4%) | 37 | (71.2%) | 40 | (80.0%) | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.30 |
| Black or African American | 23 | (14.9%) | 6 | (11.5%) | 10 | (19.2%) | 7 | (14.0%) | 0.28 | 0.71 | 0.48 |
| Hispanic | 9 | (5.8%) | 1 | (1.9%) | 3 | (5.8%) | 5 | (10.0%) | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.43 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 3 | (1.9%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 3 | (6.0%) | – | 0.07 | 0.07 |
| Asian | 5 | (3.2%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 4 | (7.7%) | 1 | (2.0%) | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.18 |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.61 | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 1 | (0.6%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 1 | (1.9%) | 0 | (0.0%) | |||
| High school or equivalent | 25 | (16.2%) | 13 | (25.0%) | 5 | (9.6%) | 7 | (14.0%) | |||
| Some college | 44 | (28.6%) | 17 | (32.7%) | 12 | (23.1%) | 15 | (30.0%) | |||
| Associate’s degree or equivalent | 20 | (13.0%) | 4 | (7.7%) | 7 | (13.5%) | 9 | (18.0%) | |||
| College degree | 64 | (41.6%) | 18 | (34.6%) | 27 | (51.9%) | 19 | (38.0%) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree or equivalent | 47 | (30.5%) | 9 | (17.3%) | 23 | (44.2%) | 15 | (30.0%) | |||
| Graduate degree | 17 | (11.0%) | 9 | (17.3%) | 4 | (7.7%) | 4 | (8.0%) | |||
| Employment status, n (%) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| Working full-time | 64 | (41.6%) | 11 | (21.2%) | 32 | (61.5%) | 21 | (42.0%) | |||
| Working part-time | 15 | (9.7%) | 2 | (3.8%) | 6 | (11.5%) | 7 | (14.0%) | |||
| Not employed | 5 | (3.2%) | 1 | (1.9%) | 2 | (3.8%) | 2 | (4.0%) | |||
| Disabled | 14 | (9.1%) | 2 | (3.8%) | 2 | (3.8%) | 10 | (20.0%) | |||
| Retired | 41 | (26.6%) | 29 | (55.8%) | 4 | (7.7%) | 8 | (16.0%) | |||
| Student | 5 | (3.2%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 5 | (9.6%) | 0 | (0.0%) | |||
| Homemaker | 10 | (6.5%) | 7 | (13.5%) | 1 | (1.9%) | 2 | (4.0%) | |||
| Living with a spouse/partner, n (%) | 105 | (68.2%) | 35 | (67.3%) | 37 | (71.2%) | 33 | (66.0%) | 0.67 | 0.89 | 0.58 |
| Health insurance coverage when initiating basal insulin, n (%) | |||||||||||
| Medical care | 137 | (89.0%) | 51 | (98.1%) | 44 | (84.6%) | 42 | (84.0%) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.93 |
| Prescription drugs | 138 | (89.6%) | 50 | (96.2%) | 47 | (90.4%) | 41 | (82.0%) | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.22 |
| Years since first T2DM diagnosis | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.6 | (9.3) | 9.9 | (7.0) | 8.1 | (11.2) | 7.8 | (9.5) | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.89 |
| Median [IQR] | 6.0 | [3.0–12.0] | 10.0 | [4.0–14.5] | 6.0 | [3.0–10.0] | 4.5 | [2.0–10.0] | |||
| Mode of delivery of basal insulin initiated, n (%) | 0.57 | 0.15 | 0.50 | ||||||||
| Pen (prefilled/disposable) | 97 | (63.0%) | 37 | (71.2%) | 32 | (61.5%) | 28 | (56.0%) | |||
| Pen (reusable) & cartridge | 20 | (13.0%) | 4 | (7.7%) | 6 | (11.5%) | 10 | (20.0%) | |||
| Vial and syringe | 37 | (24.0%) | 11 | (21.2%) | 14 | (26.9%) | 12 | (24.0%) | |||
| Prior use of antidiabetic medications to treat T2DM, n (%) | |||||||||||
| Any prior use of antidiabetic medication | 118 | (76.6%) | 43 | (82.7%) | 45 | (86.5%) | 30 | (60.0%) | 0.59 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| Oral antidiabetics | 105 | (68.2%) | 41 | (78.8%) | 37 | (71.2%) | 27 | (54.0%) | 0.37 | <0.01 | 0.07 |
| Injectables other than insulin | 30 | (19.5%) | 8 | (15.4%) | 15 | (28.8%) | 7 | (14.0%) | 0.10 | 0.84 | 0.07 |
Notes: Continuers had no gaps of ≥7 days in basal insulin treatment. Interrupters stopped basal insulin for ≥7 days within the first 6 months after initiation and since restarted basal insulin. Discontinuers stopped using basal insulin for ≥7 days within the first 6 months after initiation and had not restarted basal insulin by the time of the survey. *One respondent declined to answer this question. Categories not listed in the table had 0 respondents (“Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander”, “Other”). P-values were calculated using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.