| Brassinolide (BL) (DWF4) |
Antagonistic effect between BR and AtRALF1 (or AtRALF23) |
EXPANSIN5 (AtEXPA5), DWARF gene expression BR downregulates RALF1 or 23 expression |
(Srivastava et al., 2009; Bergonci et al., 2014a, 2014b) |
| Abscisic acid (ABA) |
Cross talk between AtRALF1 and ABA signaling and stress responses |
ABI2 protein phosphatase dependence |
(Chen et al., 2016) |
| FER interaction with G protein β-subunit (AGB1) |
(Yu and Assmann, 2018) |
|
Pseudomonas syringae infection (elicitors flg22 or elf18) |
Negative regulation of innate immunity by AtRALF23 |
Reduced protein interaction of FLS2 or EFR with BAK1 |
(Stegmann et al., 2017) |
| Carbon/nitrogen nutrient ratio |
AtRALF1 and FER suppress stress response caused by high carbon/nitrogen |
Phosphorylation of ATL6 E3 ubiquitin ligase and reduced stability of 14-3-3 protein |
(Xu et al., 2019) |
