Table 1.
Maternal and pregnancy characteristics of study pregnancies
| Macrosomia | FGR | GDM | PE | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case(n = 119) | Control(n = 476) | p‐value | Case(n = 132) | Control(n = 518) | p‐value | Case(n = 267) | Control(n = 801) | p‐value | Case(n = 60) | Control(n = 240) | p‐value | |
| Gestational age at sampling (weeks) | 16.9 ± 3.6 | 17.0 ± 3.6 | 0.78 | 18.3 ± 4.0 | 17.9 ± 3.7 | 0.41 | 15.9 ± 2.4 | 16.0 ± 2.6 | 0.5 | 17.9 ± 4.2 | 18.0 ± 4.2 | 0.76 |
| Age (years) | 33.1 ± 4.1 | 32.1 ± 4.7 | 0.052 | 31.1 ± 5.3 | 31.3 ± 5.1 | 0.67 | 34.0 ± 4.5 | 32.7 ± 4.8 | 1.6E‐03 | 34.1 ± 4.9 | 33.3 ± 4.4 | 0.17 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 23.0 ± 2.3 | 21.2 ± 1.9 | 2.2E‐16 | 20.6 ± 3.1 | 21.5 ± 2.0 | 2.8E‐07 | 22.5 ± 2.8 | 21.3 ± 2.5 | 2.0E‐13 | 24.2 ± 3.5 | 21.3 ± 2.4 | 1.3E‐11 |
| Weight gain (kg) | 13.8 ± 4.3 | 13.9 ± 2.3 | 0.21 | 12.3 ± 3.2 | 13.7 ± 2.5 | 1.8E‐08 | 11.1 ± 3.1 | 13.4 ± 3.0 | 2.2E‐16 | 12.3 ± 3.5 | 13.0 ± 2.9 | 0.078 |
| Baby weight (kg) | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 2.2E‐16 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 2.2E‐16 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 0.17 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 7.1E‐11 |
| History of adverse pregnancy outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 19 | 19 | 4.9E‐06 | 15 | 23 | 4.8E‐03 | 26 | 59 | 0.27 | 4 | 13 | 0.76* |
| No | 100 | 457 | 117 | 495 | 241 | 742 | 56 | 227 | ||||
Data are mean ± standard deviation. Age = maternal age. BMI = pre‐pregnancy body mass index. Weight gain = weight gain during pregnancy. FGR = fetal growth restriction. GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus. PE = preeclampsia. Mann–Whitney U‐test was used for the comparison of continuous variables. χ2 test and Fisher exact test (*) were used for the comparison of categorical variables.