Table 1.
Characteristics of hospital admissions with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) among patients suffering heart failure (HF) in Spain, from 2001 to 2015, and incidence among non HF patients.
| Variable | Categories | 2001–2005 | 2006–2010 | 2011–2015 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of hospital admissions with HF | 844,845 | 1,144,810 | 1,432,245 | 3,421,900 | |
| Number of hospital admissions with CDI in HF patients | 1211 | 2027 | 3676 | 6914 | |
| Incidence per 100,000 HF admissions * | 143.39 | 177.06 | 256.66 | 202.05 | |
| Number of hospital admissions with CDI without HF | 6921 | 11,282 | 19,578 | 37,781 | |
| Incidence per 100,000 non-HF admissions * | 104.76 | 120.41 | 182.21 | 145.09 | |
| CDI as a primary diagnosis. N (%) * | 151(12.47) | 386(19.04) | 954(25.95) | 1491(21.56) | |
| Female sex. N (%) | 724(59.79) | 1222(60.29) | 2229(60.64) | 4175(60.38) | |
| Age in years. Mean (SD) * | 80.27(9.61) | 81.14(9.36) | 81.18(9.53) | 80.97(9.5) | |
| Age groups in years * | 40–64 | 82(6.77) | 115(5.67) | 240(6.53) | 437(6.32) |
| 65–74 | 201(16.6) | 308(15.19) | 473(12.87) | 982(14.2) | |
| 75–84 | 479(39.55) | 794(39.17) | 1491(40.56) | 2764(39.98) | |
| ≥85 | 449(37.08) | 810(39.96) | 1472(40.04) | 2731(39.5) | |
| CCI. Mean (SD) | 1.31(1.01) | 1.28(0.98) | 1.33(0.99) | 1.31(0.99) | |
| CCI. N (%) | 0 | 266(21.97) | 451(22.25) | 769(20.92) | 1486(21.49) |
| 1 | 472(38.98) | 807(39.81) | 1461(39.74) | 2740(39.63) | |
| ≥2 | 473(39.06) | 769(37.94) | 1446(39.34) | 2688(38.88) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia. N (%) * | Yes | 105(8.67) | 234(11.54) | 757(20.59) | 1096(15.85) |
| Parenteral antibiotic therapy. N (%) * | Yes | 282(23.29) | 658(32.46) | 1537(41.81) | 2477(35.83) |
| Surgery N (%) * | Yes | 186(15.36) | 244(12.04) | 417(11.34) | 847(12.25) |
| Severity. N (%) * | Yes | 68(5.62) | 199(9.82) | 431(11.72) | 698(10.1) |
| Readmission. N (%) * | Yes | 292(24.11) | 617(30.44) | 1353(36.81) | 2262(32.72) |
| ER admission. N (%) * | Yes | 1051(86.79) | 1856(91.56) | 3314(90.15) | 6221(89.98) |
| IHM. N (%) * | 265(21.88) | 451(22.25) | 714(19.42) | 1430(20.68) | |
| LOHS. Median (IQR) * | 26(26) | 22(24) | 18(19) | 20(22) | |
| Cost. Mean (SD) * | 4300.85(2329.68) | 4737.32(2565.73) | 4476.63(1940.14) | 4508.08(1951.52) |
HF—Heart Failure. CDI— Clostridioides difficile infection. CCI—Charlson Comorbidity Index. ER—Emergency room. LOHS—Length of hospital stay. IHM—In-hospital mortality. SD—Standard Deviation. IQR—Interquartile range. * p < 0.05 to assess time trend from 2001 to 2015.