Table 1.
Patient characteristics and perioperative parameters according to acute kidney injury (n = 558).
| Variables | Patients | Proportion without Missing (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||
| Age, year | 60 (51–68) | 100 |
| Female, n | 171 (30.6) | 100 |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 | 24.4 (22.6–26.2) | 100 |
| Baseline medical status | ||
| Hypertension, n | 287 (51.4) | 100 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n | 98 (17.6) | 100 |
| Cerebrovascular accident, n | 11 (2.0) | 100 |
| Angina pectoris, n | 9 (1.6) | 100 |
| Preoperative hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5 (12.0–14.6) | 100 |
| Preoperative serum albumin level, mg/dL | 4.3 (4.1–4.6) | 99.8 |
| Preoperative proteinuria, n | 67 (12.0) | 100 |
| Preoperative hematuria, n | 53 (9.5) | 100 |
| Preoperative eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 100 | |
| eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/m2 | 153 (27.4) | |
| eGFR 60–89 mL/min/1.73m2 | 405 (72.6) | |
| Surgical parameters | ||
| Surgery type, n | 100 | |
| Laparoscopic | 223 (40.0) | |
| Robot-assisted | 9 (1.6) | |
| Open | 325 (58.2) | |
| Clinical stage, n | 100 | |
| T1a/ T1b | 141 (25.3)/152 (27.2) | |
| T2a/ T2b | 154 (27.6)/61 (10.9) | |
| T3a/T3b/T3c | 19 (3.4)/ 17 (3.0)/14 (2.5) | |
| N 0/1 | 514 (92.1)/44 (7.9) | |
| M 0/1 | 520 (93.2)/38 (6.8) | |
| R.E.N.A.L. score | 100 | |
| Low (4–6) | 225 (40.3) | |
| Intermediate (7–9) | 286 (51.3) | |
| High (10–12) | 47 (8.4) | |
| Tumor maximal diameter, cm | 5.5 (3.2–7.8) | 100 |
| Operation time, min | 130 (100–170) | 100 |
| Bleeding and transfusion amount | ||
| pRBC transfusion, n | 52 (9.3) | 100 |
| Estimated blood loss, mL | 200 (100–400) | 99.6 |
| Anesthesia-related parameters | ||
| Volatile anesthetics use, n | 494 (88.5) | |
| Total intravenous anesthesia, n | 64 (11.5) | |
| Crystalloid administration, mL | 1100 (750–1500) | 100 |
| Colloid administration, mL | 0 (0–300) | 100 |
| Vasopressor infusion during surgery | 29 (5.2) | 100 |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). AKI = acute kidney injury; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; R.E.N.A.L. = radius, exophytic/endophytic properties, nearness of tumor to collecting system or sinus, anterior/posterior, hilar, location relative to polar lines; pRBC = packed red blood cell.