Table 1.
The characteristics of the participants at baseline.
| Group | CG (n = 13) | EG (n = 13) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | |||
| Age (years) | 70.23 ± 6.06 | 70.92 ± 6.60 | 0.783 |
| Height (cm) | 153.23 ± 4.75 | 153.58 ± 5.06 | 0.859 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.45 ± 6.07 | 57.72 ± 4.97 | 0.222 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.72 ± 2.32 | 24.67 ± 1.55 | 0.186 |
| SLM (kg) | 35.36 ± 3.18 | 34.57 ± 2.96 | 0.519 |
| SMM (kg) | 20.12 ± 1.99 | 19.70 ± 1.82 | 0.583 |
| BFM (kg) | 22.82 ± 3.76 | 20.85 ± 2.62 | 0.136 |
| PBF (%) | 37.60 ± 3.40 | 36.07 ± 2.51 | 0.203 |
| WHR | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.03 | 0.322 |
| BMR (kcal) | 1182.69 ± 72.15 | 1166.31 ± 67.26 | 0.555 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 103.92 ± 11.63 | 108.23 ± 12.32 | 0.368 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 189.46 ± 55.76 | 183.92 ± 43.65 | 0.780 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 139.00 ± 49.64 | 166.85 ± 98.44 | 0.372 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 108.82 ± 56.18 | 100.48 ± 35.85 | 0.656 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.85 ± 16.80 | 50.08 ± 8.55 | 0.601 |
| NF-κB (ng/mL) | 4.66 ± 1.61 | 4.51 ± 1.36 | 0.798 |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 10.12 ± 3.57 | 9.96 ± 3.82 | 0.913 |
| BDNF (ng/mL) | 1.43 ± 0.16 | 1.55 ± 0.26 | 0.197 |
| VEGF (pg/mL) | 56.88 ± 11.08 | 58.15 ± 11.08 | 0.773 |
| Eotaxin-1 (pg/mL) | 8.86 ± 2.92 | 9.63 ± 2.63 | 0.485 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. CG, control group; EG, experimental group; BMI, body mass index; SLM, soft lean mass; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; BFM, body fat mass; PBF, percent body fat; WHR, waist-hip ratio; BMR, basal metabolic rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NF-κB, nuclear factor Kappa B; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; p-value as determined using the independent t-test for each of the two groups at baseline.