Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| Variables | Intervention Group (n = 19) |
Control Group (n = 7) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 74.5 (3.6) | 79.0 (3.0) | 0.007 * |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.8 (4.5) | 25.5 (2.5) | 0.491 * |
| Underweight, n (%) | 5 (26.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0.912 † |
| Normal weight, n (%) | 7 (36.8) | 4 (57.1) | |
| Overweight/obesity, n (%) | 7 (36.8) | 2 (28.6) | |
| Sex, n (%) Male Female |
15 (78.9) 4 (21.1) |
5 (71.4) 2 (28.6) |
0.700 + |
| TNM classification, n (%) I II IIIa-IIIb-IIIc IV |
1 (5.3) 0 (0.0) 4 (21.0) 14(73.7) |
0 (0.0) 1 (14.3) 3 (42.8) 3 (42.8) |
0.172 † |
| Clinically diagnosed comorbidities, n (%) | 0.496 + | ||
| COPD | 13 (68.4) | 2 (28.6) | |
| Hypertension | 9 (47.4) | 4 (57.1) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (26.3) | 1 (14.3) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 8 (42.1) | 4 (57.1) | |
| Frailty status, n (%) G8 VES 13 G8 and VES13 No |
7 (36.8) 2 (10.5) 4 (21.1) 6 (31.6) |
3 (42.8) 0 (0.0) 3 (42.8) 1 (14.3) |
0.649 + |
| Alcohol status, n (%) Current Past No |
10 (52.6) 4 (21.1) 5 (26.3) |
2 (28.6) 3 (42.8) 2 (28.6) |
0.407 + |
| Smoking status, n (%) Current Past No |
5 (26.3) 11 (57.9) 3 (15.8) |
2 (28.6) 3 (42.8) 2 (28.6) |
0.763 + |
| Surgery, n (%) VATS Open Without surgery |
3 (17.6) 4 (23.5) 12 (58.8) |
0 (0.0) 1 (14.3) 6 (85.7) |
0.144 + |
| Adjuvant therapy/palliative treatment, n (%) Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Chemotherapy and radiotherapy Chemotherapy and immunotherapy Immunotherapy and radiotherapy Palliative treatment |
6 (31.6) 1 (5.3) 7 (36.8) 2 (10.5) 2 (10.5) 1 (5.3) |
2 (28.6) 1 (14.3) 4 (57.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) |
0.385 + |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TNM, tumor node metastasis; VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery; VES-13, Vulnerable Elders Survey-13. Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Differences between groups were analysed using * U Mann Whitney for nominal data, + X2 test for nominal data, or † the Kruskal–Wallis test for ordinal data.