Table 3.
Viral cytokines and cytokine receptors
| Function/Activity | Gene/Protein | Virus | Mechanism | Refs |
| vTNFR | M-T2 | MV, SFV | Secreted, binds rabbit TNF | 2, 11, 15, 18 |
| CrmB | CPV,VaV | Secreted, binds TNF and LT-α | 2, 11, 18 | |
| CrmC | CPV, VV | Secreted, binds TNF | 2, 18 | |
| CrmD | CPV, EV | Secreted, binds TNF and LT-α | 19 | |
| CrmE | CPV | Secreted, binds TNF | a | |
| Unknown | VV | TNFR at the surface of VV-infected cells | 20 | |
| UL144 | HCMV | TNFR homolog, unknown function | 34 | |
| vIL-1βR | B15R | VV | Secreted, binds IL-1β, blocks febrile response | 2, 11, 18 |
| vIFN-γR | M-T7, B8R | MV, VV, CPV | Secreted, binds IFN-γ from various species | 2, 6, 11, 15 |
| vIFN-α/βR | B18R | VV | Secreted and cell surface, binds type I IFN from various species | 2, 6, 11 |
| vCSF-1R | BARF-1 | EBV | Secreted, binds CSF-1 | 1 |
| vGM-CSF/IL-2BP | GIF | OV | Secreted, binds GM-CSF and IL-2 | 21 |
| vIL-18BP | MC54 | MCV | Secreted, binds IL-18, inhibits IL-18-induced IFN-γ production | 8, 9 |
| MC53 | MCV | Secreted, binds IL-18, inhibits IL-18-induced IFN-γ production | 8 | |
| D7L | EV, VV, CPV, VaV | Secreted, binds IL-18, inhibits IL-18-induced IFN-γ production and NK response | 9, 10 | |
| vIFN-γ/IL-2/IL-5BP | Unknown | TPV | 35 kDa, secreted, binds IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-5 | 2, 18 |
| vCKBP | vCKBP-I, M-T7 | MV | Secreted, binds C, CC and CXC CKs through heparin-binding site | 2, 15, 16, 18 |
| vCKBP-II, B29R, G3R, CCI, H5R, M-T1, S-T1 | VV, EV, VaV, CPV, MV, SFV | Secreted, binds CC CKs | 2, 15, 16, 18, 28 | |
| vCKBP-III, M3 | MHV-68 | Secreted, binds CC, CXC, C and CX3C CKs | 29 | |
| vCKR | ORF74 | HHV-8, HVS, MHV-68, EHV-2 | HVS ORF74 is a functional CXCR, HHV-8 ORF74 binds CC and CXC CKs, is constitutively activated and induces cell proliferation in vitro and tumours in transgenic mice | 16, 22, 27 |
| US28, E1 | HCMV, EHV-2 | HCMV US28 binds CC CKs, mediates cell migration and decreases local concentration of RANTES; EHV-2 E1 binds eotaxin | 16, 22, 26, 43 | |
| US27, E6 | HCMV, EHV-2 | Unknown | 16, 22 | |
| U12, UL33, M33, R33 | HHV-6, HHV-7, HCMV, MCMV, RCMV | HHV-6 U12 binds CC CKs, required for in vivo replication of MCMV and RCMV | 16, 22 | |
| U51, UL78, M78 | HHV-6, HHV-7, HCMV, MCMV | HHV-6 U51 binds CC and CXC CKs and induces downregulation of RANTES transcription | 16, 22, 25 | |
| K2R | SPV | IL-8 CKR homolog | 16, 18 | |
| Q2/3L | CaPV | CC CKR homolog | 16, 18 | |
| vCK | vMIP-I | HHV-8 | CCR8 agonist, Th2 chemoattractant, angiogenic activity | 16, 22 |
| vMIP-II | HHV-8 | C, CC, CXC and CX3C CK antagonist | 16, 22, 44 | |
| vMIP-III | HHV-8 | Unknown | 16, 22 | |
| U83 | HHV-6 | CC CK agonist | 16, 22 | |
| MCK-1/2, m131 | MCMV | CC CK agonist, chemoattraction of monocytes, promotes monocyte-associated viremia in vivo | 16, 22, 23 | |
| vCXC-1/UL146 | HCMV | CXC CK agonist, chemoattraction of neutrophils | 16 | |
| vCXC-2/UL147 | HCMV | Unknown | 16 | |
| MCC-1/MC148 | MCV | Specific CCR8 antagonist, interference with monocyte function | 16, 44 | |
| Tat | HIV | Partial CK similarity, chemoattractant for monocytes | 24 | |
| vGF | C11R, MGF | VV, MV | EGF an TGF-α homolog, stimulates cell growth, virulence factor | 11, 15 |
| vVEGF | A2R | OV | Angiogenic factor | 11, 45 |
| vIL-10 | BCRF-1, IL-10 gene | EBV, EHV, OV | IL-10 activity, downregulates Th1 response | 1, 11 |
| UL111a | HCMV | IL-10 activity, low sequence similarity to other vIL-10 | 12 | |
| vIL-17 | ORF13 | HVS | T cell mitogen | 1, 11 |
| vIL-6 | K2 | HHV-8 | Angiogenic factor, B-cell growth factor | 1, 5 |
| vSEMA | A39R | VV, EV | Semaphorin homolog, binds semaphorin receptor vESPR | 17 |
| AHV-SEMA | AHV | Semaphorin homolog | 17 | |
a
M. Saraiva and A. Alcami, unpublished.