Table 5.
Viral inhibitors of apoptosis
| Function/Activity | Gene/Protein | Virus | Mechanism | Refs |
| vFLIP | K13, ORF71, E8, BORFE2, MC159, MC160 | HHV-8, HVS, EHV-2, BHV-4, MCV | Inhibition of activation of caspases and apoptosis induced by death receptors | 1, 30, 31 |
| vBcl-2 | ORF16, M11, BHRF1, BALF1, 5HL/A179L, E1B-19K, A9, BORF-B2 | HHV-8, HVS, EHV, MHV-68, EBV, ASFV, adenovirus, AHV, BHV-4 | Homologs of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 | 1, 5, 30 |
| Anti-oxidant selenoprotein | MC66 | MCV | Selenocysteine-containing glutathione peroxidase, scavenger of reactive oxygen metabolites | 1, 30, 31 |
| Caspase inhibitor | CrmA, SPI-2, B13R, SERP-2 | CPV, VV, MV | Serpin, inhibits caspase-1–8 and granzyme B | 1, 5, 15, 30, 31 |
| p35, IAP | Baculovirus | Inhibit multiple caspases | 1, 5, 30 | |
| 4CL/A224L | ASFV | IAP homolog | 1, 5, 30 | |
| 14.7K | Adenovirus | Inhibits caspases; interacts with caspase-8 | 1, 5, 30, 42 | |
| Inactivation of p53 | E6 | HPV | Targets p53 for proteolytic degradation | 1, 30 |
| T Antigen, E1B-55K, E4 orf6 | SV40, adenovirus | Bind and inactivate p53 | 1, 30, 42 | |
| GADD34 homology | g1, 23NL | HSV, ASFV | Homology to cellular growth arrest and cellular damage gene GADD34 | 5 |
| Others | E3 10.4/14.5-RID complex | Adenovirus | Targets Fas for lysosomal degradation | 1, 30, 42 |
| M11L | MV | Targets to mitochondria, inhibits apoptosis of monocytes | 15, 30, 31, 46 | |
| US3 | HSV-1 | Unknown; Ser/Thr kinase | 1, 5 | |
| IE-1, IE-2 | HCMV | Inhibits TNF-induced apoptosis | 1, 5, 34 | |
| SPI-I, B22R | VV, CPV | Serpin | 31 | |
| M-T4 | MV | Unknown, retained in ER | 15, 30 | |
| p28, N1R | EV, SFV | RING finger motif, prevents UV-induced apoptosis | 47 | |
| UL37 | HCMV | Blocks apoptosis mediated by death receptors, localizes in mitochondria, not Bcl-2 homolog | 48 | |