Table 4.
Viral inhibitors and modulators of cytokine activity
| Function/activity | Gene/protein | Virus | Mechanism | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition of TNF signalling | E3 14.7K, E3 10.4/15.4K, E1B 19K | Adenovirus | Prevent TNF cytolysis and block phopholipase A2 activation | 42 |
| Mimicry of TNFR/CD40 signaling | LMP-1 | EBV | Recruits death-domain-containing proteins and induces signals of the TNFR/CD40 pathway | 14 |
| IκB homolog | A238L | ASFV | Inhibition of NFκB/NFAT signaling | 13 |
| Inhibition of maturation of cytokines | CrmA, SPI-2, B13R, SERP-2 | CPV, VV, MV | Inhibition of IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE, caspase-1), inhibition of IL-1β, and possibly IL-18, cleavage | 2, 15, 18 |
| Inhibition of IL-12 production | Hemagglutinin | MeV | Binds to CD46 and blocks induction of IL-12 by macrophages | 1 |