Table 4.
Adjusted effects of cocoa on change in secondary outcomes at 6-month follow-up*
| No. | Mean (SD) | Mean (90% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6-M follow-up | Within-group Change | Difference in Changes | P value | ||
| Six-month change in brachial artery FMD 2.5 hours after study beverage (%) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 15 | 6.47 (3.25) | 5.93 (2.69) | −0.65 (−2.08, +0.78) | −1.28 (−2.94, +∞) | 0.84 |
| Placebo | 17 | 5.76 (3.34) | 6.29 (4.57) | 0.63 (−0.69, +1.96) | --- | --- |
| Six-month change in brachial artery FMD 24 hours after study beverage (%) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 17 | 6.38 (3.34) | 6.10 (3.85) | 0.04 (−1.23, +1.32) | +0.63 (−0.96, +∞) | 0.30 |
| Placebo | 15 | 6.03 (3.41) | 5.81 (4.31) | −0.59 (−1.96, +0.79) | --- | --- |
| Six-month change in pain-free treadmill walking time at 48 hours after study beverage (minutes) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 18 | 6.08 (4.28) | 6.22 (3.81) | −0.07 (−1.13, +1.00) | −0.46 (−1.70, +∞) | 0.68 |
| Placebo | 19 | 5.23 (3.38) | 5.44 (3.20) | +0.39 (−0.64, +1.43) | --- | --- |
| Six-month change in maximal treadmill walking time at 48 hours after study beverage (minutes) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 18 | 8.86 (4.86) | 9.14 (4.43) | −0.03 (−1.16, +1.10) | −0.31 (−1.60, +∞) | 0.62 |
| Placebo | 20 | 9.76 (7.40) | 9.76 (8.57) | +0.28 (−0.79, +1.34) | --- | --- |
| Six-month change in physical activity (activity counts) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 15 | 97,812 (25,410) | 98,551 (43,057) | −1,919 (−17,743, +13,904) | +7,062 (−10515, +∞) | 0.30 |
| Placebo | 19 | 89,527 (54,517) | 78,447 (40,182) | −8,981 (−22,743, +4,780) | --- | --- |
| Six month change in calf muscle biopsy abundance of PGC1α (arbitrary units) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 10 | 0.59 (0.22) | 0.67 (0.29) | +0.09 (−0.09, +0.28) | +0.05 (−0.21, +∞) | 0.40 |
| Placebo | 6 | 0.57 (0.28) | 0.63 (0.53) | +0.04 (−0.21, +0.29) | --- | --- |
| Six month change in calf muscle biopsy abundance of myostatin (arbitrary units) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 10 | 1.27 (0.42) | 1.52 (0.42) | +0.26 (+0.05, +0.47) | +0.11 (−∞, +0.40) | 0.69 |
| Placebo | 6 | 1.25 (0.70) | 1.43 (0.68) | +0.15 (−0.14, +0.43) | --- | --- |
| Six month change in calf muscle biopsy abundance of follistatin (arbitrary units) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 10 | 0.73 (0.46) | 0.71 (0.29) | −0.03 (−0.20, +0.15) | −0.12 (−0.37, +∞) | 0.74 |
| Placebo | 6 | 0.95 (0.63) | 1.03 (0.60) | +0.09 (−0.15, +0.34) | --- | --- |
| Six month change in calf muscle biopsy citrate synthase activity (nmol/min/mg protein) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 10 | 11.43 (4.73) | 11.66 (4.24) | −0.25 (−3.85, +3.36) | +0.86 (−4.12, +∞) | 0.41 |
| Placebo | 6 | 14.13 (4.75) | 12.24 (5.45) | −1.10 (−5.98, +3.77) | --- | --- |
| Six month change in calf muscle biopsy COX activity (nmol/min/mg protein) | ||||||
| Cocoa | 10 | 65.1 (64.3) | 55.8 (32.8) | −4.6 (−37.2, +28.0) | +85.5 (+40.4, +∞) | 0.013 |
| Placebo | 6 | 131.4 (95.4) | 49.2 (26.4) | −90.0 (−134.1, −46.0) | --- | --- |
*
Data adjust for smoking, body mass index and race. Baseline and six-month follow-up values do not sum to the within-group change value, due to adjustment for smoking, body mass index, and race. COX = cytochrome c oxidase. Six month outcomes obtained on study beverage unless otherwise specified.