Table 5.

Adjusted effects of cocoa on changes in exploratory outcomes at six-month follow-up^*

	No.	Mean (SD)		Mean (90% CI)
	No.	Baseline	6-M follow-up	Within-group Change	Difference in Changes	P value
MRI-measured calf muscle perfusion (ml/min/100 gram)^**
Cocoa	13	2.91 (0.58)	2.93 (0.46)	+0.10 (−0.25, +0.45)	+0.42 (+0.004, +∞)	0.098
Placebo	13	3.01 (0.63)	2.78 (0.59)	−0.32 (−0.67, +0.03)	---	---
Calf Muscle Biopsy Measures
#Pax7+/100 fibers
Cocoa	11	11.87 (8.28)	14.85 (10.98)	+3.50 (−1.85, +8.84)	+3.23 (−4.30, +∞)	0.29
Placebo	6	18.28 (12.81)	19.50 (10.38)	+0.27 (−7.31, +7.84)	---	---
Embryonic+ fibers (% of total)
Cocoa	11	0.16 (0.54)	0.04 (0.09)	−0.11 (−1.17, +0.96)	−1.09 (−∞, +0.42)	0.17
Placebo	6	0.48 (0.56)	1.49 (2.96)	+0.98 (−0.54, +2.50)	---	---
Central nuclei (all % of total)
Cocoa	11	9.29 (4.69)	9.59 (3.70)	+0.25 (−3.14, +3.63)	−7.10 (−∞, −2.33)	0.033
Placebo	6	15.64 (9.04)	22.88 (5.95)	+7.34 (+2.55, +12.14)	---	---
Nitrotyrosine abundance (arbitrary units)
Cocoa	10	1.00 (0.28)	1.14 (0.32)	+0.16 (+0.05, +0.27)	+0.13 (−∞, +0.28)	0.86
Placebo	6	0.99 (0.29)	1.05 (0.42)	+0.03 (−0.12, +0.18)	---	---
4-HNE abundance (arbitrary units)
Cocoa	10	1.07 (0.35)	1.10 (0.41)	−0.02 (−0.27, +0.23)	−0.07 (−∞, +0.28)	0.40
Placebo	6	1.03 (0.23)	0.99 (0.42)	+0.05 (−0.30, +0.39)	---	---
Capillary density
Cocoa	11	1.42 (0.76)	1.44 (0.83)	+0.07 (−0.08, +0.21)	+0.38 (+0.17, +∞)	0.014
Placebo	6	1.66 (0.15)	1.43 (0.22)	−0.31 (−0.52, −0.11)	---	---

Data adjust for smoking, body mass index and race. Baseline and six-month follow-up values do not sum to the within-group change value, due to adjustment for smoking, body mass index, and race.

^**

Results are based on log-transformed data.