TABLE 1.
Summary of white mustard seed oil extraction methods and results.
| Method | Material |
Pretreatment of seed |
Extraction |
Refinement |
References | ||
| Drying | Milling | Technique/solvent/yield/time | Solvent or solid residue removal | Drying | |||
| Pressing | Seed | No | No | Press with 8 mm nozzles/13.28% | Vacuum filtration | Vacuum evaporation | Stamenković et al., 2018 |
| Seed | Oven (<70°C) | Grinder cutting (0.13–0.50 mm) | Pressing (5–8 kg/h)/oil content of cake reduced to 8–9% | Acid degumming and chemical deacidification, followed by centrifugation | Vacuum evaporation | Ciubota-Rosie et al., 2013 | |
| Seed | – | No | Press extractor | Filtration | – | Mejia-Garibay et al., 2015 | |
| Seed | – | No | Electric oil expeller | Electric filter apparatus | Heating at 120°C using a hot plate | Ahmad et al., 2013 | |
| Seed | – | No | Electric oil expeller | Suction filtration | Heating above 100°C for 1 h | Sultana et al., 2014 | |
| Seed | – | No | Pressing while applying heat (drive speed setting: 5–6) | Fiberglass filter disk under vacuum | – | Nie et al., 2016 | |
| Solvent extraction, batch | Seed (moisture contents: 3.78%) | No | Electric milling (1 min) before extraction (mean particle diameter: 0.44 mm) | Soxhlet apparatus/n-hexane (seed:solvent 1:10 g/mL)/20.64%/6 h | Vacuum filtration | Vacuum evaporation | Stamenković et al., 2018 |
| Manual crushing and electric milling (1 min) of press cake (mean particle diameter: 0.47 mm) | Soxhlet apparatus/n-hexane (seed:solvent 1:10 g/mL)/8.58%/6 h | ||||||
| Seed | Oven (<70°C) | Grinder cutting (0.13–0.50 mm) | Soxhlet apparatus/n-hexane (55°C)/39.2%/6 h or 43.5/18 h | Acid degumming and chemical deacidification, followed by centrifugation | Vacuum evaporation | Ciubota-Rosie et al., 2013 | |
| Seed | – | Pestle and mortar | Soxhlet apparatus/n-hexane/31.6%/24 h | – | Rotary evaporation under vacuum | Singh et al., 2014 | |
| Seed | – | Coffee mill | Soxhlet apparatus/n-hexane (70°C; 10:1 v/w)/25.30%/8 h | Anhydrous magnesium sulfate placed over a filter paper | Rotary evaporator at 40°C | Kozlowska et al., 2016 | |
| Extraction (Folch method, room temperature, shaking)/ chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v; 10:1 v/w)/29.80%/2 h | Whatman No. 1 paper filter into a separatory funnel with 1 M KCl solution; after gentle shaking, mixture left overnight for separation into two phases | Rotary evaporation under vacuum at 40°C | |||||
| Seed | – | Pestle and mortar | Soxhlet apparatus/n-hexane | – | Rotary evaporation | Sáez-Bastante et al., 2016 | |
| Dry, clean seeds | – | Crushing | Soxhlet apparatus/petroleum ether (60–80°C)/32.5% | – | Vacuum evaporation (<40°C) | Ali and McKay, 1982 | |
| Seed | Dried overnight (50°C) | – | Soxhlet apparatus/petroleum ether (60°C, seed:solvent 5 g:100 mL)/21.1 ± 0.4%/16 h | – | Evaporation | Yaniv et al., 1994 | |
| Seed | – | Coffee mill | Smalley-Butt apparatus/n-hexane/∼30%/4 h+2 h | – | Vacuum evaporation | Seal et al., 2008 | |
| Seed | – | Grinder | Magnetically stirred beaker/n-hexane/overnight | Vacuum filtration | Vacuum evaporation | Nie et al., 2016 | |
| Solvent extraction, continuous | Seed | – | Grinding (0.2–0.3 mm) | Continuous stirred extractor (10:1 n-hexane:seed mass, 29°C, 30 h)/78% oil recovery | – | – | Ciubota-Rosie et al., 2009 |
| Aqueous extraction | Dehulled flour | – | – | 4:1 water:flour (g/g), 3 min blending, pH 11.00 ± 0.05, room temperature, 30 min extraction, centrifugation (∼9000 g for 20 min), re-extraction/washing stage of solid residue under same conditions/75% oil recovery | – | – | Balke, 2006 |
| Partially dehulled flour | – | – | Procedure of Balke (2006) (39% oil recovery in emulsion) and oil extraction from emulsion using isopropyl alcohol: Single extraction (25:1–31:1 isopropyl alcohol:oil mass)/90–94% oil recovery | – | – | Ataya Pulido, 2010 | |
| Three-stage extraction (3:1 water:flour)/94% oil recovery | |||||||
| Four-stage extraction (2:1 water:flour)/96.3% oil recovery | |||||||
| Pre-ground dehulled flour (<100 mesh) | – | – | Procedure of Balke (2006) Four-stage PSE using fresh isopropyl alcohol at each stage (2:1 solvent:oil)/92.3% oil recovery | Jung and Diosady, 2012 | |||
| Four-stage PSER reusing extracted water-rich phase, containing isopropyl alcohol (2:1 solvent:oil)/84.0% oil recovery | |||||||
| Dehulled flour | – | – | Procedure of Balke (2006) Fully alkaline two-stage aqueous extraction (64.6% oil recovery in emulsion) and oil extraction from emulsion using cyclic ethers. | – | – | Tabtabaei and Diosady, 2012 | |
| Tetrahydrofuran (4:1)/97% oil recovery and 5% water | |||||||
| 1,4-dioxane (9:1)/95% oil recovery and 99% water | |||||||
| Dehulled flour | – | – | Procedure of Balke (2006) (57.5% oil recovery in emulsion) and oil extraction from emulsion using organic solvents with partial solubilities for oil | – | – | Tabtabaei et al., 2013 | |
| 30:1 dimethylformamide:oil mass/38% oil recovery | |||||||
| Dehulled flour | – | – | Fully alkaline two-stage aqueous extraction (flour slurry, 4:1 water:flour mass) + three-stage emulsion extraction with: | – | – | Tabtabaei et al., 2014 | |
| 0.75:1 tetrahydrofuran/100% oil recovery and 3.5% water | |||||||
| 0.5:1 1-4-dioxane/85.8% oil recovery and 76% water | |||||||
| Dehulled flour (<100 mesh) | – | – | Fully alkaline two-stage aqueous extraction (flour slurry, 4:1 water:flour mass) + emulsion extraction with tetrahydrofuran (0.5:1 and 0.75:1, producing miscella I and II, respectively) (Tabtabaei et al., 2014) + adsorption (zeolite 4A) | – | – | Tabtabaei et al., 2015 | |
| Single-stage aqueous extraction with tetrahydrofuran (4:1, producing miscella III) (Tabtabaei and Diosady, 2012) + adsorption (zeolite 4A) | |||||||
| Batch adsorption (10:1.5 miscella:zeolite, shaking rate 125 cycles/min), water removal/time: miscella I 72.4%/40 min, miscella II 98.8%/4 h, and miscella III 98.7%/4 h | |||||||
| Fixed-bed adsorption (2.5 cm column dimeter, 30 cm length), water removal/breakthrough time/bed capacity: miscella I (flow rate 1.6 mL/min) 100/44.6 h/0.222 g/g; miscella II (flow rate 2.0 mL/min) 98.6%/14.2 h/0.244 g/g | |||||||
| Enzymatic aqueous extraction | Dehulled flour | – | – | Sequential two-stage aqueous extraction (flour slurry, 4:1 water:flour mass): (1) pH 4.8–5.0, 25°C, 30 min; (2) pH 11, 30 min, room temperature/30.0% oil, 58.7% water, 8.3% protein, and 5.2% phospholipids | – | – | Tabtabaei and Diosady, 2013 |
| Sequential two-stage enzymatic aqueous extraction: (1) pH 4.8, 40°C, 3% carbohydrase of flour mass (Viscozyme L, Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Celluclast each 1%), 3 h; (2) pH 11, room temperature, 3 h/35.3% oil, 52.2% water, 9.1% protein, and 5.9% phospholipids | |||||||
| Sequential two-stage aqueous extraction+emulsion extraction: (3) 3:1 water:emulsion mass, pH 11, 25°C, 30 min/80.0% oil, 20.6% water, 0.6% protein, and 0.6% phospholipids | |||||||
| Sequential two-stage aqueous extraction+emulsion extraction: (4) 3:1 water:emulsion mass, pH 11, 25°C, 3 h/80.1% oil, 20.8% water, 0.7% protein, and 0.8% phospholipids | |||||||
| Fully alkaline two-stage aqueous extraction (Tabtabaei and Diosady, 2012)/55.5% oil, 39.8% water, 3.2% protein, and 3.3% phospholipids | |||||||
| Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Seed | Dry | Grinding (18 mesh) | Flask in ultrasonic batch (room temperature)/diethyl ether (10 g seed:40 mL solvent)/8.96%/30 min | Filtration under reduced pressure | Evaporation | Peng et al., 2013 |
| Supercritical CO2 extraction | Seed | – | Mill equipped with 1.0-mm sieve | Single extraction (2 mL CO2/min, 51.7 MPa, 100°C, 60 min)/21.59 ± 0.29% | – | – | Barthet and Daun, 2002 |
| Multiple extraction (5 × 20 min)/28.63 ± 0.57% | |||||||
| Multiple extraction with modifier (2 × 30 min + 30 min with 15% ethanol)/28.60 ± 0.49% | |||||||
| Seed | – | Mill with diatomaceous earth | Single extraction (41.4 MPa, 80°C, 90 min)/∼30% | – | Vacuum evaporation | Seal et al., 2008 | |
| Two-step extraction with modifier (60 min with 15% ethanol)/∼30% | |||||||
| Pressing + solvent extraction | Seed | Oven (<70°C) | Grinder cutting (0.13–0.50 mm) | Pressing (5–8 kg/h) + solvent extraction (n–hexane)/>40% (92% of total oil)/2 h | Acid degumming and chemical deacidification, followed by centrifugation | Vacuum evaporation | Ciubota-Rosie et al., 2013 |
| Seed | Seed moisture content: 3.78% | Electric milling (1 min) of seeds (mean particle diameter: 0.44 mm) | Seed pressing + Soxhlet extraction (n-hexane; 1:10 g/mL seed:solvent)/19.90%/6 h | Vacuum filtration | Vacuum evaporation | Stamenković et al., 2018 | |
| Manual crushing and electric milling (1 min) of press cake (mean particle diameter: 0.47 mm) | Seed pressing + maceration (n-hexane; 70°C; 1:6.5 g/mL seed:solvent)/20.48%/5 min | ||||||
| 1:8.5 g/mL seed:solvent/20.50%/5 min | |||||||
| Steam distillation | Seed | Dry | Grinding (18 mesh) | Steam distillation/water vapor/6.48% | – | – | Peng et al., 2013 |