TABLE 3.
Summary of emulsion destabilization results.
| Extraction processa |
Solvent:oil mass ratio |
Recovery by final oil extract (%) |
Final oil extract composition (%) |
References |
|||||
| Demulsificationb | Solventc | Oil recovery | Water recovery | Oil | Water | Solvent | |||
| Two-stage alkaline | None | None | – | – | – | 57.5 ± 4.0 | 38.4 ± 3.9 | Tabtabaei and Diosady, 2012 | |
| Single extraction | Tetrahydrofuran | 4:1 | 97.2 ± 0.9 | <2 | 23 | 5 | 72 | ||
| 1,4-dioxane | 9:1 | 95 ± 3 | 99 | 9 | 7 | 84 | |||
| Dimethylformamide | 30:1 | 38 ± 3 | – | 1 | 3 | 96 | Tabtabaei et al., 2013 | ||
| Isopropyl alcohol | 31:1 | 94.0 | 6.1 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 95.0 | Ataya Pulido, 2010 | ||
| Three-stage extraction | Tetrahydrofuran | 0.75:1 | 100 | 3.5 | 55.9 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 42.6 ± 1.6 | Tabtabaei et al., 2014 | |
| 1,4-dioxane | 0.5:1 | 85.9 | 0 | 86.5 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 13.3 ± 0.5 | |||
| Four-stage extraction | Isopropyl alcohol | 2:1 | 97 | 100.0 | 10.0 | 7.5 | 82.5 | Ataya Pulido, 2010 | |
| Isopropyl alcohol | 0.2:1 | 92.3 ± 2.3 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 21.1 ± 1.4 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 78.3 ± 1.4 | Jung and Diosady, 2012 | ||
| Isopropyl alcohol (recycled) | 0.2:1 | 84.0 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 92.9 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 6.5 ± 0.8 | |||
| None | None | – | <5 (pH 2–11)d 94.7 ± 4.2e 4.0 ± 0.2f | – | 55.5 ± 4.6 | 39.8 ± 3.9 | – | Tabtabaei and Diosady, 2013 | |
| Sequential two-stage | None | None | – | 30 (pH 4–6)d 92.7 ± 2.6e 22.5 ± 0.7f | – | 30.0 ± 2.5 | 58.7 ± 2.2 | – | |
| Single extraction | Water | 3:1 | 96.5 (pH 4.5)d 97.8 ± 0.9e 99.4 ± 0.6f | – | 80.0 ± 3.4 | 20.6 ± 3.3 | – | ||
| Sequential two-stage enzymatic | None | None | – | 51 (pH 3)d 91.3 ± 2.4e 41.2 ± 1.7f | – | 35.3 ± 2.1 | 52.2 ± 1.0 | – | |
| Single extraction | Water | 3:1 | 91.1 (pH 4.5)d 94.6 ± 0.1e 94.3 ± 0.1f | – | 80.1 ± 2.2 | 20.8 ± 3.8 | – | ||
aTwo-stage alkaline extraction: Water:flour ratio: 4:1 g/g; blending time: 3 min; pH 11.00 ± 0.05; room temperature; extraction time: 30 min; centrifugation (∼9000 g for 20 min); re-extraction/washing stage of solid residue under same conditions; Sequential acid/alkaline two-stage: Slurry (water:flour ratio: 4:1 g/g) first extracted at native pH (4.8–5.0) and 25°C for 30 min followed by second-stage alkaline extraction (pH 11) for another 30 min at room temperature; Sequential two-stage – enzymatic: Slurry (water:flour ratio: 4:1 g/g) first extracted at pH 4.8 and 40°C in presence of 3% carbohydrases of the flour mass for 3 h, followed by second-stage alkaline extraction (pH 11) at room temperature for 30 min. bNone – no emulsion destabilization; Single extraction: single-stage emulsion destabilization by adding a solvent; multiple extractions: multiple-stage emulsion destabilization by adding a solvent. cNone – no solvent was added. dAfter pH adjustment. eAfter protease treatment (Protex 6 L, 2.5%, pH 9.0, 60°C, 3 h). fAfter phospholipase treatment (G-ZYME G999, 2.5%, pH 7.5, 40°C, 3 h).