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. 2020 Apr 2;14:223. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00223

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Copyright © 2020 Zhao, Hou, Feng, Shen, Nan, Zhang, Wang, Ma and Feng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of Vinp on astrocytic viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation after OGD/R. (A) Astrocytic viability calculated as a percentage relative to the control group (n = 5 in each group). (B) LDH release calculated as a percentage relative to maximum enzyme activity control well (n = 5 in each group). (C) ROS levels calculated as a percentage relative to the control group (n = 5 in each group). (D) NO released into the supernatant evaluated by NO assay kit (n = 5 in each group). (E) Immunostaining showed the expression of TNF-α in astrocytes after OGD/R. (F) Immunostaining showed the expression of IL-1β in astrocytes after OGD/R, and the nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (n = 3 in each group). Scale bars = 50 μm. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests. Vinp: Vinpocetine; LY: LY294002; OGD/R: oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation.