Table 3.

Summary of selected researches on ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites to other materials.

Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composites to Other Materials
Year	Author	Material System	Factors Studied	ED	Weld Time	Weld Pressure/Force	Amplitude	Frequency	Optimised Weld Strength	Reference
2009	Balle et al.	CF/PA66- Aluminum	Effect Al alloys on shear strength	NA	NA/2160 Ws Weld energy	140 N	38–42 µm	20 kHz	30 MPa	[39]
2013	Wagner et al.	CF/PA66- Aluminum	Effect Al alloys and heat treatment on shear strength	NA	NA/2160 Ws Weld energy	Variable	38–42 µm	20 kHz	58 MPa	[72]
2015	Villegas et al.	CF/PEEK-CF/Epoxy	NA	Flat PEEK Film (0.25 mm)	460 ms/830 ms (heating time)	1500 N/300 N	90 µm/ 72 µm	20 kHz	NA	[116]
2018	Villegas et al.	CF/PEEK-CF/Epoxy	Effect of PEI film	Flat PEI Film (0.05 mm (co-cured) + 0.25 mm)	4 s (Solidification)	2000 N	73.4 µm	20 kHz	28.6 MPa	[49]
2018	Lionetto et al.	CF/Epoxy-CF/Epoxy	Effect of co-curing of film of diff. thickness	PVB Film (0.075 and 0.25 mm)	4 s (Solidification)	1500 N	86.2 µm	20 kHz	25 MPa	[117]
2019	Tsiangou et al.	CF/PEI-CF/Epoxy	Effect of co-cured film and lose film	Flat PEI Film (0.06 and 0.25 mm)	4 s (Solidification)	1500 N	86.2 µm	20 kHz	37.7 MPa	[118]