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Safety factor (force divided by the insect weight) based on measured friction and pull off forces of Bactrocera oleae females on the olive fruit surface of the cultivar Kalamata tested intact (with EW) and with mechanically removed waxes (dewaxed). Bars with different upper-case letters and lower case letters are significantly different at p < 0.05, respectively, t-test for dependent samples. Images show the corresponding olive fruit surfaces in cryo-SEM.
