Table 5.

Most relevant works of PVDF ENMs membranes with different solvents.

Solvent 1	Toxicity 2	PVDF Conc. (wt.%)	Electrosp. Temp. (°C)	Fiber Appearance	Pore Size	Post Treatment	Ref.
DMA	Hazardous	12–16	Room temperature	Uniform PVDF nanofibers	2–5.88	-	[57]
		10–15	Continuous hot-press-2 layers	Some beads are present at lower concentrations	0.26–1.49	Dried at 50 °C for 24 h in the oven	[54]
DMF	Hazardous	19	Continuous hot-press at 145 °C;	Networks with large pores	-	40-55 °C for 12 h in the oven	[58]
		6	Room temperature	Some beads are present	0.91–1.12	Pressed between two flat glass panes and placed at 170 °C in an oven	[29]
NMP	Hazardous	16–20	Room temperature	Beads disappear and there are uniform fibres at lower concentration	-	100 °C in the oven	[59]
DMSO	Less Hazardous	6–10	Room temperature	Uniform nanofibers	0.8–2.29	Air for 2 h; water for 24 h and at 40 °C in the oven	This work
		15	Room temperature	Some beads are presents	-	-	[60]
		12	Room temperature	Uniform nanofiber	2.4	Heat treatment	[61]

¹ In a mixture with acetone. ² Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008