Table 1.

Tabulated summary of recent efforts made in the vibration-assisted machining (VAM) of titanium alloys and steel.

Work Material	Cutting Parameters Used	Oscillation Parameters (Frequency (f), Amplitude (a))	Cutting Force Comparison with Conventional Turning	Additional Conclusions
Ti6Al2Sn4Zr6Mo (α + β Ti alloy) [69]	fr = 0.1 mm/rev; v = 10–60 m/min; d = 0.2 mm	f = 20 kHz; a = 10 µm	Reduction by 74%	Surface roughness improved by 50%
Ti-15333 (β alloy) [70]	fr = 100 µm/rev; v = 10 m/min; d = 100–500 µm	F = 20 kHz a = 8 µm	Reduction by 80%–85%	Surface roughness improved by 50% while heat was applied during ultrasonic assisted machining
Ti6Al4V [71]	fr = 0.1 mm/rev; v = 10–300 m/min d = 0.1mm	f = 20 kHz a = 20 µm	Reduction by 40%–45%	Surface roughness improved by 40%
Ti 15-3-3-3 (β Ti-alloy) [72]	Fr = 0.1 mm/rev; v = 10–70 m/min; d = 50–500 µm	f = 17.9 kHz a = 10 µm	Reduction by 71%–88%	Surface roughness improved by 49%
Low alloy steel (DF2) [73]	Fr = 0.1 mm/rev; v = 50 m/min; d = 0.2 mm	F = 19 kHz; a = 15 µm	Reduction by 50%	Tool wear 20% less