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. 2020 Feb 27;10(3):384. doi: 10.3390/ani10030384

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effect of alpha lipoic acid on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers in the testes of chickens exposed to heat stress. Western blotting analysis of the expression of ER stress markers, (A) glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and (C) CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). (B) GRP78 and (D) CHOP protein expression levels were normalized to β-actin levels. The statistical analysis results are shown as bar graphs. The data are presented as the mean ± SE of three independent experiments. Note: * p < 0.05 vs. HS group; ^# p < 0.05 vs. C group.