Table 4.
Summary of comparative transcriptomic studies with the main findings between local and modern pig breeds associated with fat deposition.
| Metabolic Pathway | Breed | Tissue | Platform | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipocyte growth and lipid deposition | ||||
| - ↑ lipogenesis, desaturation (ME1, ELOVL6, SCD) | Ib vs. Du | SCAT | qPCR | [38] |
| - ↑ lipogenesis, desaturation (FASN, SREBP-1, SCD) | Wujin vs. LN | LD-IMF | qPCR | [55] |
| - ↑ lipogenesis, desaturation (FASN, SCD) | DSP and Tibetan vs. LN and YY | LD-IMF | RNA-seq | [91] |
| - ↑ lipogenesis (ACACB) | Basque vs. LW | LD-IMF | microarray | [82] |
| - ↑ lipogenesis, desaturation (ELOVL6, ME1, PTGES3, AGPAT5, GNPAT, SCD) | Ib vs. Ib x Du | LD-IMF | microarray, qPCR | [83] |
| - ↑ lipogenesis (PCK1, FASN), desaturation (↑ SCD expression pigs at day 30, ↓ SCD expression pigs at day 150) | Jinhua vs. LN | LD-IMF | microarray | [92] |
| - ↑ lipogenesis (ME1, PCK1) | Ib vs. Du | SCAT | RNA-seq | [86] |
| - ↑ lipogenic and adipogenic gene expression after insulin and glucose exposure | Bamei vs. LW | SCAT, LD-IMF | qPCR | [84] |
| - ↑ adipogenesis (C/EBPγ, C/EBPα, PPARγ), lipogenesis (FASN) | Mashen vs. LN | LD-IMF | qPCR | [59] |
| - ↑ lipogenesis (e.g., PCK1, ACACB) | Songliao vs. LN | SCAT | RNA-seq | [88] |
| - ↑ adipogenic genes expression in preadipocyte cell culture in early stage of differentiation (PPARγ, CEBPα), ↑ lipogenic gene expression in late stage of differentiation (SREBP1, FASN) | Wujin vs. LN | LD-IMF | qPCR | [93] |
| Lipid mobilization and expenditure | ||||
| - ↓ lipolysis (HSL, ATGL) | Wujin vs. LN | LD-IMF | qPCR | [55] |
| - ↑ lipolysis (PON, PLA1A) | Ib vs. Ib x Du | LD-IMF | microarray | [83] |
| - ↑ lipolysis, fatty acid transport (LPL, LIPE, FABP3) | Jinhua vs. LN | LD-IMF | microarray | [92] |
| - ↑ lipolysis, fatty acid transport, oxidation (PPAP2A, LIPE, FABP3, SLC25A20, PPARδ) | Basque vs. LW | LD-IMF | microarray | [82] |
| - ↑ fatty acid transport, oxidation (FABP3, FABP4, CPT-1B) | Wujin vs. LN | LD-IMF | qPCR | [55] |
| - ↓ oxidoreductase activity, fatty acid degradation, mitochondrial function (e.g., ACAD, HADHA, ACAA2, HSD17B4) | Min vs. LN | SCAT | RNA-seq | [90] |
| - ↑ oxidoreductase activity | Chinese breeds * vs. YY | SCAT, LD-IMF | RNA-seq | [89] |
| - ↓ mitochondrial energy metabolism (e.g., SIRT3) | Basque vs. LW | SCAT | microarray | [72] |
| Regulation | ||||
| - ↑ response to steroid hormone stimulus | DSP and Tibetan vs. LN and YY | LD-IMF | RNA-seq | [91] |
| - ↑ LEP | Ib vs. Du | SCAT | qPCR | [38] |
| - ↑ LEP | Ib vs. Du | SCAT | RNA-seq | [86] |
| - ↑ insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance | Songliao vs. LN | SCAT | RNA-seq | [88] |
| Other | ||||
| - ↑ immune response (e.g., CSF1R) | Basque vs. LW | SCAT | microarray | [72] |
| - ↑ immune response | Chinese breeds * vs. YY | SCAT, LD-IMF | RNA-seq | [89] |
| - ↑ immune response, ↓ extracellular matrix formation, ↓ growth, ↑ carbohydrate metabolism | Ib vs. Du | SCAT | RNA-seq | [86] |
| - ↑ glycolysis, ↑ gluconeogenesis | Songliao vs. LN | SCAT | RNA-seq | [88] |
Ref. = references; ↑ = upregulation in local pig breeds compared to modern pig breeds; ↓ = downregulation in local pig breeds compared to modern pig breeds; ME1 = malic enzyme; ELOVL6 = elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 6; SCD = stearoyl CoA desaturase; Ib = Iberian; Du = Duroc; SCAT = subcutaneous adipose tissue; qPCR = quantitative polymerase chain reaction; FASN = fatty acid synthase; SREBP-1 = sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; LN = Landrace; LD-IMF = intramuscular fat of longissimus dorsi muscle; DSP = Diannan Small-ear pig; RNA-seq = RNA sequencing; YY = Yorkshire pig; ACACB = acetyl CoA carboxylase beta; LW = Large White; PTGES3 = prostaglandin E synthase 3; AGPAT5 = 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 5; GNPAT = glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase, Ib x Du = Iberian x Duroc; PCK1 = phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1; C/EBPγ = CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein gamma; C/EBPα = CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha; PPARγ = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; HSL = hormone-sensitive lipase; ATGL = adipose triglyceride lipase; PON = paraoxonase; PLA1A = phospholipase A1 member A; LPL = lipoprotein lipase; LIPE = lipase E; FABP3 = fatty acid binding protein 3; PPAP2A = prostaglandin E synthase 3; SLC25A20 = solute carrier family 25 member 20; PPARδ = peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta; FABP4 = fatty acid binding protein 4; CPT-1B = carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1B; ACAD = acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; HADHA = hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; ACAA2 = acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2; HSD17B4 = hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 4; SIRT3 = NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3; LEP = leptin; CSF1R = colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; * Chinese breeds = Lantang, Tongcheng, Tibetan, Wuzhishan, Rongchang, Chenghua and Neijiang.