Table 1.
Mean concentrations and molar proportions of lactate and volatile fatty acids in the feces of the dogs fed diet without supplementation of grape proanthocyanidins (D0) or supplemented with 1 mg/kg live weight (D1) or 3 mg/kg live weight (D3) of grape proanthocyanidins at the beginning of the study (T0) and after 14 (T14) and 28 (T28) days of administration.
| Item | D0 | D1 | D3 | Effects | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | T14 | T28 | T0 | T14 | T28 | T0 | T14 | T28 | SEM 1 | Diet | Time | D × T | |
| Lactate (μmol/g) | 4.7 ab | 3.8 ab | 1.4 ab | 0.9 b | 7.5 ab | 2.1 ab | 15.3 a | 2.5 ab | 2.9 ab | 1.02 | NS | NS | NS |
| Acetate | 143.3 | 128.8 | 113.7 | 137.9 | 123.4 | 124.4 | 143.7 | 139.6 | 150.5 | 4.09 | NS | NS | NS |
| Propionate | 39.3 b | 35.9 b | 38.0 b | 39.0 b | 49.5 ab | 45.5 ab | 38.9 b | 48.0 ab | 61.0 a | 1.67 | * | * | * |
| Isobutirate | 96.8 | 61.9 | 90.5 | 82.7 | 58.4 | 71.0 | 55.6 | 72.5 | 82.2 | 4.12 | NS | NS | NS |
| Butirate | 8.1 | 8.0 | 9.8 | 8.7 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 0.46 | NS | NS | NS |
| Isovalerate | 4.2 | 12.4 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 5.7 | 1.06 | NS | NS | NS |
| Total | 296.3 | 250.7 | 257.6 | 273.7 | 254.6 | 257.6 | 270.1 | 277.6 | 313.3 | 6.63 | NS | NS | NS |
| Lactate (molar %) | 1.8 ab | 2.5 ab | 0.6 b | 0.3 b | 6.4 ab | 0.8 ab | 7.9 a | 0.9 ab | 1.0 ab | 0.75 | NS | NS | * |
| Acetate | 48.3 | 50.8 | 44.8 | 50.5 | 48.4 | 48.7 | 52.2 | 50.2 | 47.9 | 0.89 | NS | NS | NS |
| Propionate | 13.2 b | 14.4 ab | 15.0 ab | 14.2 ab | 18.6 ab | 17.8 ab | 14.4 ab | 17.4 ab | 19.6 a | 0.52 | NS | ** | NS |
| Isobutirate | 32.4 ab | 24.5 abc | 34.0 ab | 30.3 ab | 19.8 bc | 26.9 abc | 19.1 c | 26.2 abc | 26.2 abc | 1.19 | NS | NS | NS |
| Butirate | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 0.17 | NS | NS | NS |
| Isovalerate | 1.5 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 0.42 | NS | NS | NS |
1 SEM: standard error of the means. a,b,c: means with different superscripts are significantly different for p < 0.05. *: p <0.05; **: p < 0.01; NS: Not Significant.