Table 5.
The correlation between PHI and financial risk 1.
| Ref. ID | Study Period | PHI Indicator | Financial Risk Indicator | Sample | Correlation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [56] | 2004 | Enrolment | Out-of-pocket payments | Mixed | Neutral |
| [67] | 2011–2012 | Enrolment | Out-of-pocket payments | Mixed | Neutral/Negative 2 |
| [60] | 2000, 2004 | Enrolment | Out-of-pocket payments (as a share of total health expenditure) | Mixed | Positive/Neutral 3 |
| [44] | 2011 | Enrolment | Out-of-pocket payments exceeding ¥1000 and ¥5000 | Urban | Positive for both |
| Total health expenditure exceeding ¥1000 | Positive | ||||
| [69] | 2003, 2005 | Enrolment | Total health expenditure | Urban | Positive 4 |
| [57] | 2008 | Enrolment | Total health expenditure | Mixed/urban/rural | Positive/Neutral 5 |
| [42] | 1989–2009 | Enrolment | Total health expenditure | Mixed | Positive |
| [63] | 2003 | Percentage of PHI enrolees in a county | Per-capita health expenditure | Rural | Neutral |
| [70] | 2006–2012 | Provincial per-capita PHI premium income | Per-capita health expenditure | Mixed | Negative |
1 If unspecified, all comparisons are between enrolees and non-enrolees of PHI, and all presented positive or negative correlations passed the significance test, otherwise neutral correlation was reported. 2 Neutral for all PHI and complementary PHI, and negative for PHI as primary health insurance only. 3 Only positive for the high-income group between 2000 and 2004, but neutral for the low-income group and all groups between 2006 and 2009. 4 Comparing to SHI. 5 Positive for the whole and the rural population, but neutral for the urban population.