Table 3.
Intervention studies of various food patterns on blood glucose regulation
| Meal types of intervention | Subjects (country) | Duration of intervention | Change of phenotype | Comments | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean diet | T2DM adults | 48 months | HbA1c: decrease | 1,500 kcal/d for women | Esposito et al. (2014) |
| 1,800 kcal/d for men | |||||
| Obese children and adolescents | 4 months | FPG: decrease | Velázquez-López et al. (2014) | ||
| HDL-C: increase | |||||
| TC, TG, and LDL-C: decrease | |||||
| Low GI diet compared to low calorie diet | Obese children | 6 months | FPG: no change | No change within the group | Visuthranukul et al. (2015) |
| TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C: no change | |||||
| Low GI diet compared to high GI diet | Healthy male adults (China) | 1 day per diet (cross-over) | 24 h glucose iAUC: decrease | Camps et al. (2017) and Henry et al. (2017) | |
| Mexican diet compared to US diet | Healthy female adults (Mexico) (partially overweight) | 24 days per diet (cross-over) | FPG: no change | Mexican diet: mixture of native Mesoamerican foods and Hispanic foods | Santiago-Torres et al. (2016) |
| US diet: based on 2003∼2004 NHANES | |||||
| Okinawan-based Nordic diet | T2DM adults (Scandinavia) | 3 months | HDL-C: increase in follow-up | A data after four months of follow-up was available. | Darwiche et al. (2016) |
| FPG and HbA1c: decrease | |||||
| TG, TC, and LDL-C: decrease | |||||
| DASH diet specifically modified for diabetes | T1DM adolescents | 3 days | Glycemic viability: no change | Peairs et al. (2017) | |
| High-red meat diet compared to high-dairy diet | Overweight/obese adults | 4 weeks per diet (cross-over) | FPG: no change | Turner et al. (2015) | |
| Plant-based burger compared to processed meat burger | T2DM and healthy adults | 1 day(several times) | Postprandial plasma glucose: increased | Increased only one time point | Belinova et al. (2014) |
GI, glycemic index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; iAUC, incremental area under the curve; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.