Table 4.
Clinical markers to access improvement of glucose regulation in diabetic adults
| Subjects (country) | Investigated markers | Major outcome markers | Diagnosis standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM (China) | Anthropometric markers | - TG/HDL-C ratio | World Health Organization | Ren et al. (2016) |
| Height, weight, WC, HC, WHR, BMI, and BP | - High TG/HDL-C ratio: ALT, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β , HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, TG, FPG, FINS, IGI, ISI increase | |||
| Clinical markers | ||||
| ALT, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β , HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, TG, FPG, 2hPG, FINS, 2hPINS, IGI, and ISI | - High TG/HDL-C ratio: HDL-C decrease | |||
| T2DM (Korea) | Anthropometric markers | - BMI | American Diabetes Association | Chung et al. (2012) |
| BMI and BP | - High BMI: TG, FPI, fasting insulin, 2-h insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β , and IGI: increase | |||
| Clinical markers | ||||
| HbA1c, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β , HDL-C, TC, TG, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, 2-h glucose, 2-h insulin, DI, IGI, and ISIcomp | - High BMI: DI decrease | |||
| T2DM (Australia) | Anthropometric markers | - Crcl, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, TG, hsCRP, fasting glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR | American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization | Wu et al. (2012) |
| WHR and BMI | ||||
| Clinical markers | ||||
| HbA1c, HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, TG, Crcl, hsCRP, activin A, activin B, and follistatin | - Markers of the severity of T2D and insulin resistance: activin A, activin B, or follistatin | |||
| Diabetes (Netherlands) | Clinical markers | - High GlycA and low hsCRP: incidence of T2D | - One or more of the following: 1) FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) 2) Random sample FPG ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) 3) Self-report of a physician diagnosis of T2DM 4) Initiation of glucose-lowering medication use, retrieved from a central pharmacy registry |
Connelly et al. (2016) |
| GlycA and hsCRP | ||||
| Diabetes (Scotland, Ireland, or Netherlands) | Clinical markers | - Leptin | - Based on baseline glucose measurements (>95% fasting) | Welsh et al. (2009) |
| Leptin |
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; ALT, alanine transaminase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; FINS, fasting serum insulin; 2hPINS, 2-hour postprandial serum insulin; IGI, insulinogenic index; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; DI, disposition index; ISIcomp, insulin sensitivity index composite; Crcl, creatinine clearance; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; GlycA, glycoprotein acetylation.