Table 5.
Clinical markers to access improvement of glucose regulation in nondiabetic and diabetic adults
| Subjects (country) | Investigated markers | Major outcome markers | Diagnosis standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normoglycemic, prediabetic, and diabetic adults (USA) | Anthropometric markers | - Insulin, LDL-C, TG, and HOMA-IR: high (in diabetic) | American Diabetes Association | Nguyen et al. (2011) |
| BMI, BP, and MAP | ||||
| Clinical markers | - ALT and GGT: high (in diabetic) | |||
| HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, ALT, and GGT | ||||
| Nondiabetic and diabetic subjects (Japan) | Anthropometric markers | - Fasting glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, RLP-C, and VLDL/TG: high (in diabetic) | FPG >7.0 mmol/L and/or HbA1c >6.5% | Kurosaki et al. (2014) |
| BMI | ||||
| Clinical markers | ||||
| HbA1c, HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HDL-C, LDL-C, RLP-C, TC, TG, pre heparin LPL mass, and VLDL/TG | ||||
| Healthy and diabetic subjects (India) | Anthropometric markers | - HbA1c, FBS, PPBS, TC, LDL-C, hsCRP, HOMA-IR, IL-6, TNF, and IL-12: high (in diabetic) | American Diabetes Association | Mishra et al. (2011) |
| Height, weight, WC, HC, WHR, BMI, SBP, DBP | ||||
| Clinical markers | ||||
| FBS, PPBS, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC, TG, NOx, ICAM, VCAM, IL-6, TNF, and IL-12 | - Endothelial dysfunction markers: NOx, VCAM, and ICAM high (in diabetic) | |||
| Healthy and diabetic subjects (China) | Anthropometric markers | - FFA, FPG, 2hPG, FINS, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β , TG, hsCRP, and IL‐1b: high (in diabetic) | World Health Organization | Zhou et al. (2018) |
| Height, weight, WC, HC, WHR, BMI, and BP | ||||
| Clinical markers | ||||
| FFA, FPG, FINS, HbA1c, hsCRP, HOMA-IR, 2hPG, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, TG, Adipsin, and IL‐1b | - Adipsin: low (in diabetic) | |||
| Healthy and diabetic subjects (Denmark) | Anthropometric markers | - HbA1c, FPG, fasting insulin, and CRP: high (in diabetic) | American Diabetes Association | Lyssenko et al. (2012) |
| Height, weight, WC, HC, BMI, SBP, and DBP | ||||
| Clinical markers | - Adiponectin: low (in diabetic) | |||
| HbA1c, FPG, fasting insulin, adiponectin, CRP, ferritin, and IL2Ra | - Ferritin and IL2Ra: high (in diabetic) |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; ALT, alanine transaminase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; RLP-C, remnant-like particle cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; PPBS, post prandial blood sugar; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; NOx, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrate oxidase; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; IL, interluekin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FINS, fasting serum insulin; FFA, fasting fatty acid; 2hPG, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; IL2Ra, interleukin-2 recepter alpha.