Figure 4.

Means of changes of ear position (a), head resting (b) and rumination (c) of heifers (n = 28). (a): number of changes of ear positions; (b,c): durations of behaviour as a proportion of the total time observed. Means were calculated across the three trials per treatment and are depicted according to the treatment used (white = “reactive”, dark grey = “ventral neck”) and phase (PRE = pre-stroking, STR = stroking, POST = post-stroking). Note that the y-axis scale varies to allow for sufficient resolution for rare behaviours.