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. 2020 Mar 21;17(6):2087. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062087

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Long-term recreational football training in successful aging. Long-term recreational football training induces muscle molecular over-expression of key markers involved in the mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism pathways (AMPKα1/α2, PGC1α, TFAM, NAMPT and citrate synthase activity), in DNA repair promotion and senescence suppression (ERK1/2, AKT, mTOR and FoxM1) and in the protein quality control pathway (HSP70/90, LAMP-2A, Bcl-2, ATG5-ATG12, PSMD13) and Systemic, Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Musculo-skeletal Fitness in long-term recreational football-trained older subjects. Abbreviations: AMPKα1/α2, Protein kinase, AMP-activated, α 1/α 2; PGC1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α; TFAM, Mitochondrial transcription factor A; NAMPT, Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2; TSC2, tuberous sclerosis complex 2; mTOR, the mammalian target of rapamycin; AKT, protein kinase B; FOXO, class O of Forkhead transcription factors; FoxM1, Forkhead box protein M1; HSP, Heat Shock Proteins; LAMP-2A, lysosomal membrane type 2A protein complex; Bcl-2, anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 protein; ATG5-ATG12, Autophagy Factors 5 and 12; PSMD13, non-ATPase subunit of the 19S regulatory complex. Adapted from Mancini et al., 2017, 2019 [92,100] and from Krustrup & Parnell, 2019 [51].