Table 2.

Nanomedicine for triple negative breast cancer theranostics.

Nanoparticle	Unique Properties	Application	Status	Evidence
Quantum dots (QDs)	Semiconductor nanocrystals they have superior light absorbance and high fluorescent intensity [181].	QD-based nanotechnology possesses wider applications in cancer molecule imaging and quantitative detection.	Experimental/clinical ongoing	Many studies signs QD technology could substitute immunohistochemistry (IHC) [178], because of its better fluorescent signaling, and performing even more accurate quantitative analyses for evaluating prognosis for triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBCs) [181].
Fluorescent nano-diamonds (FNDs)	Tunable-enhanced optoelectronics features allows fluorescent nano-diamonds (FNDs) issuing image signals [156] at low-cost production.	Current nuclear medicine uses radioisotopes such as strontium-89, iodine-131, samarium-183 and technetium-99. FNDs proposes the use of non-radioactive materials for imagining applications enhancing sensitivity and specificity.	Experimental/clinicalongoing	Fluorescent nano-diamonds (FNDs) are biocompatible nanomaterials often used in MDA-MB-231 theranostics [183].
Nano-matryoshkas	Nano-matryoshka, referred to as a multi-layer nanoparticle, hollow nanoparticles can deliver multiple drug payloads.	Nano-matryoshka, singular design has been developed as thermal therapeutic, imaging and drug-delivery nanoparticles.	Experimental/clinicalongoing	Designed by multilayers that can be designed with different materials, Nano-matryoshka can exert several drug medication payloads and inducing hyperthermia as suggest an MDA-MB-231 murine xenograft study [184].
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)	The mechanism of action is physical. However, it has not been specifically established. Ag affects cellular microenvironment will lead to the release of reactive oxygen species.	Therapeutics by using cytotoxicity.	Experimental/clinicalongoing	Silver NPs (AgNP) are another example of Nps that can act against tumor cells in TNBC that can induce DNA damage as in vivo studies suggest. Silver nanoparticles help in reduction of TNBC growth and augments radiation therapy. [169].
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP)	Tunable-enhanced optoelectronics and magnetic features.	The ability of iron oxide NPs to produce strong contrast images in MRI in T1(longitudinal relaxation—spin-lattice) and T2 (transversal relaxation—spin-spin) has given them a place in the theranostic of Cancer [9,90].	Experimental/clinicalongoing	This novel imaging system by using IONP has been used in several xenograft models [193,194], for MRI diagnostic on TNBC [195].
SPIONs (superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles)	SPIONs have higher magnetic properties than paramagnetic materials due to their ability to spin alignment to an external magnetic field	SPIONs can generate heat inside the tumors producing apoptosis by using hyperthermia as well as real time images into the tumors [195]	Experimental/clinicalongoing	SPIONs are often use in human triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 therapeutics [209].
Core-shell nanoparticles	SPIONs core-shell are formed by layers: a magnetic iron oxide core and a therapeutic biocompatible coating [192] which can reduce toxic side effects [194].	Enhanced hyperthermia properties, by stimulation through lasers [196], ultrasound [197], radio frequencies [193] or alternating magnetic field [199] to generate apoptosis.	Experimental/clinicalongoing	Core shell design has been used for enhancing photodynamic, chemotherapy and gene therapy in TNBC [210]. Also Hayashi et al. [195] have shown in advantages of using SPION intravenously for cancer theranostics.
Gold nano-stars	Enhanced optoelectronics specifically T1-signal for RMI.	Theranostics Gene Therapy Photodynamics Drug delivery Hyperthermia Drug Delivery	Experimental/clinicalongoing	RMI T1- signal magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy for TNBC [211].
Nanocages	Capacity to transport and deliver nucleic acids, peptides and drugs as well as PDT properties.	Theranostics Gene Therapy Immunotherapy Photodynamics Hyperthermia Imaging	Experimental/clinicalongoing	Immunogenic photodynamic therapy with gold nanocages on TNBC [212].
Nanorods	Enhanced magnetic-optoelectronics properties according to shape and size. Capacity to transport and deliver nucleic acids, peptides and drugs.	Theranostics Gene Therapy Immunotherapy Photodynamics Hyperthermia Imaging Drug Delivery	Experimental/clinicalongoing	Gold nanorods were developed for delivering cisplatin and producing photothermal therapy on TNBC [213].
Nanocomposites	Enhanced magnetic-optoelectronics including plasmon surface resonance properties. Nucleic acids, peptides and drug releasing with enhanced specificity.	Theranostics Gene Therapy Immunotherapy Photodynamics Hyperthermia Imaging Drug Delivery	Experimental/clinicalongoing	Researchers are experimented on using immunotherapy nanocomposites vehicle on TNBC [214].