Table 1.
The results of resveratrol from observational studies.
| Population/Country | Study Name/Type | Sample Size (Valid Data) | Dose and Schedule | Main Findings: Resveratrol vs. Measurements/Risk Factors/Biomarkers |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swiss/Switzerland | Case-control | N = 971 (all female; case, 369; control, 602) |
Tertiles: T1: 0.0–73.0 μg/day T2: 73.1–160.7 μg/day T3: >160.7 μg/day (food-frequency questionnaire, FFQ, on weekly frequency, 2 years prior) |
Favorable: Inversely associated with breast cancer risk (OR (95% CI): T2 vs. T1, 0.64 (0.44–0.93); T3 vs. T1, 0.55 (0.39–0.76)) |
[17] |
| Iranian (Tehranian)/Iran | Cross-sectional study, part of the TLG study | N = 2618 (male, 1162; female, 1456) | Quartiles: Q1: 0.014 mg/day Q2: 0.015–0.027 mg/day Q3: 0.028–0.053 mg/day Q4: 0.054 mg/day (FFQ on a daily frequency, 1 year prior) |
Null: Significantly associated with WC, TG, HDL, BG, and MS Unfavorable: The top quantile of intake (0.054 mg/day and more) was positively associated with high BP (HR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.02–2.27) |
[19] |
| Spanish/Spain | Cross-sectional study, part of the PREDIMED study | N = 1000 (male, 479; female, 521) | Quintiles: Q1: 0.48 mg/day Q2: 1.04 mg/day Q3: 2.04 mg/day Q4: 5.75 mg/day (FFQ, 1 year prior) |
Favorable: Significantly decreased CVD risk factors (FBG (95% CI: −1.033 to −0.033); TG (95% CI: −1.998 to −0.029); and heart rate (95% CI: −0.467 to −0.087)). Null: Resveratrol intake was not significantly associated with TC, HDL, LDL and BP |
[6] |
| Spanish/Spain | Cross-sectional study, part of the PREDIMED study | N = 7172 (male, 3249; female, 3923) | Quintiles: Q1: 0.48 mg/d Q2: 1.04 mg/d Q3: 2.04 mg/day Q4: 5.75 mg/day (FFQ, 1 year prior) |
Favorable: High dose intake (5.75 mg/d) significantly reduced all-cause mortality by 52% (HR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.25–0.91) Null: No significant CVD risk reduction (HR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.35–1.72) |
[21,22] |
| Swedish/Sweden | Case-control study | N = 1400 (case, 594 including (OAC, 181; OSCC, 158; JAC, 255)) (control, 806) |
Control: 0.1 mg/day OAC: 0.07 mg/day OSCC: 0.11 mg/day JAC: 0.09 mg/day (FFQ, 20 years prior) |
Favorable: In a significantly negative association with the risk of 3 subtypes of esophageal cancer (OAC (95% CI: 0.12–0.49); OSCC (95% CI: 0.15–0.65), and JAC (95% CI: 0.28–0.84)) | [5] |
| Italian/Italy | Cohort study, “Aging in the Chianti Region” | N = 529 (male, 236; female, 293) |
Tertiles: T1: 0.1 mg/day T2: 0.1–1.1 mg/day T3: >1.1 mg/day (FFQ) |
Favorable: Inversely associated with the risk of frailty syndrome during the first 3-year follow-up (T3 vs. T1: OR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03–0.45) Null: No substantial association with (i) risk of frailty syndrome in 6-, or 9-year follow-up; (ii) inflammatory biomarkers including IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CRP; (iii) CVD, cancer or all-cause mortality |
[18] |
| Chinese/China | Cross-sectional study, | N = 1393 (male, 446; female, 947) | Mean: 0.15 mg/d (FFQ, 1 year prior) |
Null: Not significantly associated with CVD risk factors including BP, BG, lipid profiles (TC, TG, HDL, and LDL), and carotid IMT | [23] |
Abbreviations used in the table: BG, blood glucose; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence intervals; CRP, C-reactive protein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HR, hazard ratios; IL, interleukin; IMT, intima–media thickness; JAC, (gastro-esophageal) junctional adenocarcinoma; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MORGEN study, Monitoring Project on Risk Factors and Health in the Netherlands study; MS, metabolic syndrome; OAC, esophageal adenocarcinoma; OR: odds ratio; OSCC, esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma; PREDIMED study: Prevención con Dieta Meniterránea study; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TLGS: Tehran lipid and glucose study; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; WC, waist circumference.