Figure 2.

Types of toxicity endpoints relevant to air pollution exposure that can be evaluated through the use of in vitro models. A generic in vitro exposure condition held at an air–liquid interface, as an example, is shown in the middle, with various categories of toxicity responses that can be measured. For more information, see details within this review described under the overall categories of cell viability, gene-level changes, protein-level changes, and epigenome-level changes.