Table 2. Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori reinfection.
| Factors | Category | Total N (%) |
Reinfection | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) |
No n (%) |
||||
| Total | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| Gender | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| Male | 1113 (54.1) | 42 (3.8) | 1071 (96.2) | 0.269 | |
| Female | 946 (45.9) | 45 (4.8) | 901 (95.2) | ||
| Ethnicity | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| Minority | 21 (1) | 4 (19.1) | 17 (80.9) | 0.004 | |
| Han | 2038 (99) | 83 (4.1) | 1955 (95.9) | ||
| Age (years) | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| 18–25 | 62 (3) | 4 (6.5) | 58 (93.5) | 0.877 | |
| 26–35 | 414 (20.1) | 16 (3.9) | 398 (96.1) | ||
| 36–45 | 550 (26.7) | 24 (4.4) | 526 (95.6) | ||
| 46–55 | 682 (33.1) | 30 (4.4) | 652 (95.6) | ||
| 56–65 | 298 (14.5) | 10 (3.4) | 288 (96.6) | ||
| 66–70 | 53 (2.6) | 3 (5.7) | 50 (94.3) | ||
| Educational level | 2023 (98.3) | 86 (98.9) | 1937 (98.2) | ||
| Below | 726 (35.9) | 42 (5.8) | 684 (94.2) | 0.037 | |
| Secondary education | 906 (44.8) | 30 (3.3) | 876 (96.7) | ||
| Above | 391 (19.3) | 14 (3.6) | 377 (96.4) | ||
| Marital status | 2010 (97.6) | 85 (97.7) | 1925 (97.6) | ||
| Yes | 1902 (94.6) | 78 (4.1) | 1824 (95.9) | 0.342 | |
| No | 108 (5.4) | 7 (6.5) | 101 (93.5) | ||
| Occupational class | 2031 (98.6) | 82 (94.3) | 1949 (98.8) | ||
| Unemployed | 362 (17.8) | 10 (2.8) | 352 (97.2) | 0.609 | |
| Farmer | 699 (34.4) | 32 (4.6) | 667 (95.4) | ||
| Worker | 319 (15.7) | 17 (5.3) | 302 (94.7) | ||
| Merchant | 267 (13.1) | 10 (3.7) | 257 (96.3) | ||
| Officer | 204 (10) | 8 (3.9) | 196 (96.1) | ||
| Professional | 180 (8.9) | 5 (2.8) | 175 (97.2) | ||
| The average monthly earnings (RMB, ￥) | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| <1000 | 486 (23.6) | 31 (6.4) | 455 (93.6) | 0.076 | |
| 1000–3000 | 959 (46.6) | 33 (3.4) | 926 (96.6) | ||
| >3000 | 614 (29.8) | 23 (3.7) | 591 (96.3) | ||
| Geo-location of residence | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| Eastern China | 1003 (48.7) | 24 (2.4) | 979 (97.6) | <0.001 | |
| Western China | 34 (1.7) | 4 (11.8) | 30 (88.2) | ||
| Southern China | 173 (8.4) | 9 (5.2) | 164 (94.8) | ||
| Northern China | 209 (10.2) | 9 (4.3) | 200 (95.7) | ||
| Northeast China | 398 (19.3) | 23 (5.8) | 375 (94.2) | ||
| Central China | 242 (11.8) | 18 (7.4) | 224 (92.6) | ||
| Living environment | 2037 (98.9) | 87 (100) | 1950 (98.9) | ||
| Urban | 755 (37.1) | 42 (5.6) | 713 (94.4) | 0.027 | |
| Rural | 1282 (62.9) | 45 (3.5) | 1237 (96.5) | ||
| Sanitary level around residence | 2011 (97.7) | 85 (97.7) | 1926 (97.7) | ||
| High | 629 (31.3) | 17 (2.7) | 612 (97.3) | 0.063 | |
| Medium | 814 (40.5) | 42 (5.2) | 772 (94.8) | ||
| Low | 568 (28.2) | 26 (4.6) | 542 (95.4) | ||
| Family size | 2050 (99.6) | 87 (100) | 1963 (99.5) | ||
| 1 | 21 (1.0) | 1 (4.8) | 20 (95.2) | 0.267 | |
| 2 | 254 (12.4) | 6 (2.4) | 248 (97.6) | ||
| 3–4 | 955 (46.6) | 38 (4.0) | 917 (96.0) | ||
| ≥5 | 820 (40.0) | 42 (5.1) | 778 (94.9) | ||
| Per capita living space (m2) | 2031 (98.6) | 86 (98.9) | 1945 (98.6) | ||
| <10 | 138 (6.8) | 5 (3.6) | 133 (96.4) | 0.159 | |
| 10–30 | 1130 (55.6) | 58 (5.1) | 1072 (94.9) | ||
| 31–50 | 702 (34.6) | 21 (3) | 681 (97) | ||
| >50 | 61 (3.0) | 2 (3.3) | 59 (96.7) | ||
| Personal hygiene awareness | 2025 (98.3) | 85 (97.7) | 1940 (98.4) | ||
| High | 316 (15.6) | 9 (2.8) | 307 (97.2) | 0.196 | |
| Medium | 918 (45.3) | 46 (5) | 872 (95) | ||
| Low | 791 (39.1) | 30 (3.8) | 761 (96.2) | ||
| Sharing the same glass | 2039 (99) | 87 (100) | 1952 (99) | ||
| Always | 1209 (59.3) | 45 (3.7) | 1164 (96.3) | 0.142 | |
| Seldom | 830 (40.7) | 42 (5.1) | 788 (94.9) | ||
| Washing before eating | 2050 (99.6) | 86 (98.9) | 1964 (99.6) | ||
| Always | 1889 (92.6) | 75 (4) | 1814 (96) | 0.125 | |
| Seldom | 161 (7.9) | 11 (6.8) | 150 (93.2) | ||
| Washing after defecation | 2050 (99.6) | 84 (96.6) | 1966 (99.7) | ||
| Always | 1879 (91.7) | 73 (3.9) | 1806 (96.1) | 0.159 | |
| Seldom | 171 (8.3) | 11 (6.4) | 160 (93.6) | ||
| Tobacco use | 2056 (99.9) | 85 (97.7) | 1971 (99.9) | ||
| Yes | 1965 (95.6) | 79 (4) | 1886 (96) | 0.349 | |
| No | 91 (4.4) | 6 (6.6) | 85 (93.4) | ||
| Drinking/alcohol intake | 2056 (99.9) | 85 (97.7) | 1971 (99.9) | ||
| Yes | 1729 (84.1) | 66 (3.8) | 1663 (96.2) | 0.131 | |
| No | 327 (15.9) | 19 (5.8) | 308 (94.2) | ||
| A family history of gastric cancer | 2018 (98) | 86 (98.9) | 1932 (98) | ||
| With | 79 (3.9) | 9 (11.4) | 70 (88.6) | 0.003 | |
| Without | 1939 (96.1) | 77 (4) | 1862 (96) | ||
| A family member with H. pylori | 2053 (99.7) | 86 (98.9) | 1967 (99.7) | ||
| Yes | 327 (15.9) | 18 (5.5) | 309 (94.5) | 0.252 | |
| No | 1726 (84.1) | 68 (3.9) | 1658 (96.1) | ||
| Relevant diagnosis | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| Chronic gastritis | 859 (41.7) | 30 (3.5) | 829 (96.5) | 0.183 | |
| Peptic ulcer | 1034 (50.2) | 52 (5) | 982 (95) | ||
| Others | 166 (8.1) | 5 (3) | 161 (97) | ||
| Eradication regimens | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| Triple therapy | 724 (35.2) | 23 (3.2) | 701 (96.8) | 0.104 | |
| Quadruple therapy | 1335 (64.8) | 64 (4.8) | 1271 (95.2) | ||
| Duration of regimens | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| 7 d | 691 (33.6) | 28 (4.1) | 663 (95.9) | 0.165 | |
| 10 d | 323 (15.7) | 8 (2.5) | 315 (97.5) | ||
| 14 d | 1045 (50.8) | 51 (4.9) | 994 (95.1) | ||
| Types of proton pump inhibitors | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| Ilaprazole | 25 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 25 (100) | 0.119 | |
| Rabeprazole | 494 (24.0) | 18 (3.6) | 476 (96.4) | ||
| Lansoprazole | 134 (6.5) | 5 (3.7) | 129 (96.3) | ||
| Pantoprazole | 606 (29.4) | 32 (5.3) | 574 (94.7) | ||
| Omeprazole | 164 (8.0) | 2 (1.2) | 162 (98.8) | ||
| Esomeprazole | 536 (26.0) | 30 (5.6) | 506 (94.4) | ||
| Combinations of antibiotics | 2059 (100) | 87 (100) | 1972 (100) | ||
| Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin | 650 (31.6) | 23 (3.5) | 627 (96.5) | 0.296 | |
| Amoxicillin + Furazolidone | 1094 (53.1) | 55 (5) | 1039 (95) | ||
| Amoxicillin + Tetracycline | 84 (4.1) | 4 (4.8) | 80 (95.2) | ||
| Amoxicillin + Metronidazole | 68 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 68 (100) | ||
| Amoxicillin + Levofloxacin | 102 (5) | 3 (2.9) | 99 (97.1) | ||
| Others | 61 (3) | 2 (3.3) | 59 (96.7) | ||
aLog-rank test.