Table 3.
Results of t tests
| Female (1,357) |
Male (573) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | M | SD | M | SD | Difference | t | p |
| IM | −0.04 | 0.99 | 0.08 | 1.02 | −0.12 | −2.41 | 0.02 |
| EM | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 1.02 | −0.01 | −0.22 | 0.83 |
| SE | 0.01 | 0.98 | −0.03 | 1.06 | 0.04 | 0.87 | 0.39 |
| LE | −0.03 | 0.98 | 0.07 | 1.05 | −0.09 | −1.87 | 0.06 |
| AP |
78.44 |
10.24 |
76.81 |
10.75 |
1.63 |
3.15 |
0.002 |
| KUC (702) |
NKUC (1,228) |
||||||
| |
M |
SD |
M |
SD |
Difference |
t |
p |
| IM | 0.15 | 1.01 | −0.09 | 0.99 | 0.24 | 5.15 | 0.00 |
| EM | −0.11 | 1.11 | 0.07 | 0.93 | −0.18 | −3.81 | 0.00 |
| SE | 0.02 | 1.04 | −0.01 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.48 |
| LE | −0.04 | 1.05 | 0.02 | 0.97 | −0.07 | −1.37 | 0.07 |
| AP | 78.83 | 12.90 | 77.46 | 8.65 | 1.37 | 2.78 | 0.005 |
IM = Intrinsic Motivation, EM = Extrinsic Motivation, SE = Self-efficacy, LE = Learning Engagement, AP = Academic Performance. KUC, Key universities and colleges; NKUC, Non-key universities and colleges. M = mean, SD = standard deviation.