Table 6.

Results of structural equation model analyses

The whole sample (Part A)	Standardized estimates			S.E.	p
IM on SE	0.34			0.02	0.00
EM on SE	0.20			0.02	0.00
IM on LE	0.25			0.02	0.00
EM on LE	0.08			0.02	0.00
SE on LE	0.50			0.02	0.00
LE on AP	0.12			0.30	0.00
SE on AP	0.04			0.30	0.12
Total effect of IM on AP	0.06
Total effect of EM on AP	0.03
	Gender		Type of university or college
Multiple-group (Part B)	Males	Females	KUCs		NKUCs
IM on SE	0.38***	0.32***	0.34***		0.33***
EM on SE	0.24***	0.19***	0.14***		0.25***
IM on LE	0.24***	0.25***	0.17***		0.31***
EM on LE	0.05	0.09***	0.06**		0.09***
SE on LE	0.56***	0.49***	0.59***		0.44***
LE on AP	0.16***	0.11***	0.05		0.19***
SE on AP	0.01	0.05	0.03		0.05
Total effect of IM on AP	0.08	0.06	0.03		0.10
Total effect of EM on AP	0.03	0.03	0.01		0.05

IM = intrinsic motivation, EM = extrinsic motivation, SE = self-efficacy, LE = learning engagement, AP = academic performance. ** p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.01. Total effects are standardized total effects.