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. 2020 Mar 19;25(6):1409. doi: 10.3390/molecules25061409

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Analysis of the modes of action of W9, W13, and W15 against CVB3. (a) Analysis of effective stage. The antiviral effects of test compounds against CVB3 were detected by measuring cell viability after 48 h of infection when cells were treated with W9, W13, or W15 before, simultaneously, or after inoculation with CVB3 (100 TCID₅₀). (b) Analysis of the effects on CVB3 adsorption. Mock-, 120 μM W-9-, 160 μM W-13-, 160 μM W-15-, or 160 μM ribavirin-treated CVB3 (10⁶ TCID₅₀) was inoculated onto Hep-2 cells and adsorbed for 2 h. Infected cells were then harvested and subjected to virus titration, using the TCID₅₀ method. (c) The effects of test compounds on CVB3 release from Hep-2 cells. Hep-2 cells infected with 100 TCID₅₀ of CVB3 were incubated with test compounds for 12 h, then cells and culture supernatants (intra- and extracellular) analyzed for virus yield, separately or together. Mock, no infection; VC, virus control. Values represent the means ± SDs of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01, compared with the virus control group.

Analysis of the modes of action of W9, W13, and W15 against CVB3. (a) Analysis of effective stage. The antiviral effects of test compounds against CVB3 were detected by measuring cell viability after 48 h of infection when cells were treated with W9, W13, or W15 before, simultaneously, or after inoculation with CVB3 (100 TCID₅₀). (b) Analysis of the effects on CVB3 adsorption. Mock-, 120 μM W-9-, 160 μM W-13-, 160 μM W-15-, or 160 μM ribavirin-treated CVB3 (10⁶ TCID₅₀) was inoculated onto Hep-2 cells and adsorbed for 2 h. Infected cells were then harvested and subjected to virus titration, using the TCID₅₀ method. (c) The effects of test compounds on CVB3 release from Hep-2 cells. Hep-2 cells infected with 100 TCID₅₀ of CVB3 were incubated with test compounds for 12 h, then cells and culture supernatants (intra- and extracellular) analyzed for virus yield, separately or together. Mock, no infection; VC, virus control. Values represent the means ± SDs of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01, compared with the virus control group.