TABLE 3—
Hazard Ratios for Leading Causes of Mortality Comparing Black With White Participants in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study by Subgroups of Participants Younger Than 65 Years and Aged 65 Years and Older: United States, 2003–2017
| Mortality Rate per 1000 Person-Years (95% CI) |
Black vs White, HR (95% CI) |
|||
| Cause of Death | Black | White | Sociodemographic-Adjusteda | Fully Adjustedb |
| Cancer | ||||
| Aged < 65 y (n = 14 698) | 4.5 (3.9, 5.0) | 3.2 (2.8, 3.6) | 1.50 (1.26, 1.79) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) |
| Aged ≥ 65 y (n = 14 356) | 10.0 (9.1, 10.9) | 10.1 (9.4, 10.8) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.24) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) |
| Infection | ||||
| Aged < 65 y (n = 14 698) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.80 (1.33, 2.44) | 0.85 (0.61, 1.20) |
| Aged ≥ 65 y (n = 14 356) | 5.2 (4.6, 5.9) | 4.7 (4.3, 5.2) | 1.31 (1.11, 1.55) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) |
| Sudden death | ||||
| Aged < 65 y (n = 14 698) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 2.08 (1.53, 2.81) | 1.24 (0.88, 1.74) |
| Aged ≥ 65 yc (n = 14 356) | 3.7 (3.0, 4.4) | 2.7 (2.2, 3.1) | 1.46 (1.19, 1.79) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.32) |
| Myocardial infarction | ||||
| Aged < 65 y (n = 14 698) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 1.65 (1.18, 2.32) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.16) |
| Aged ≥ 65 yc (n = 14 356) | 3.9 (3.2, 4.6) | 2.5 (2.0, 2.9) | 1.78 (1.46, 2.18) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.58) |
| Stroke | ||||
| Aged < 65 y (n = 14 698) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) | 2.83 (1.78, 4.50) | 1.61 (0.97, 2.69) |
| Aged ≥ 65 yc (n = 14 356) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.7) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.3) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.39) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.18) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio. The sample size was n = 29 054.
Sociodemographic-adjusted model included adjustment for age, sex, and region of residence.
Fully adjusted model included sociodemographic covariates and additional adjustment for socioeconomic factors (less than high-school education, income < $20 000 per year, and insurance status), psychosocial factors (not living with a significant other, depressive symptoms, and stress), CVD risk factors (cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, antihypertensive medication use, and diabetes), and other clinical risk factors (insulin use, statin use, aspirin use, body mass index, history of cardiovascular disease, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein > 3 mg/L, albumin-to-creatinine > 30 mg/g, and estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2).
Proportional hazards regression models calculated with 6.0 y (maximum 6.9 y) of follow-up among adults aged ≥ 65 y for sudden death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. For all other mortality outcomes and age groups, mean follow-up time was 8.9 y (maximum 13.9 y).